Influential People Essay Example for Free

Influential People EssayIn my demeanor, I have had many unhomogeneous influential people, precisely I would have to say that my come has made the biggest impact of all. Most of all timeything that I am today is a outcome of inspirations and instances I have established from my commence. She has made so many different opportunities presented to me, without which I do not know where I would be. I find my Mother to be a very inspiring person the reasons for this are infinite. My Mom has been through multiple hardships over the course of her life and throughout it all she has become an exceptionally strong, loving, and wise person. This fact alone amazes me and when compounded with the fact that my Mother, among it all, still manages to have a quick, clever, and upbeat sense of humor I am left fascinated.The things I have viewed and continue to learn from my Mother are endless she has taught me all of the founding principles of my life and for that I am eternally thankful. Th ough my Mother and I have many discussions on various subjects, within whom I learn many different things, I believe that many of the things I learn from her are discovered and observed from example. This summer would be an instance. Together, we faced many hardships that really pulled and tugged on our relationship. We worked through possibly one of the hardest things a mother could ever go through.It not only brought us closer together, but it made me realize how much she loves me, and how she is always going to be there for me. It is common knowledge that not everyone is perfect, even heroes, and in realizing this I know that I although I wish to be like my Mother in most ways I do not in all. This realization may be one of the most important things I have learned, my Mother has taught me to base my decisions in life not solely on the examples and actions of others but simply on what I gather and learn from the examples and actions of others. In other words, she has taught me no t to follow blindly but to make my own decisions based on what I think is important.My relationship with my Mother is something that I treasure above everything else in my life. We are able to stand for and joke like young children and have serious in depth conversations on some of life hardest subject like mature adults. The various levels that my Mother can reach me on astound me and I think that it is what makes our relationship truly special and what makes her such a wonderful influence.

Database Design and Implementation Coursework Essay Example for Free

Database Design and Implementation Course earn EssayThe aim of this database design and implementation coursework is to design and develop a Quorum Party Database system that will be interacted with the system online by the party goers who are enthusiastic to go and attend parties. It means that party goers/end users will become as a member by memorialing the site of our on-line party service company. We also create a prototype for web front-end form that will allow end users to check and register in Quorum Party database by including some sample required data. After the given scenarios have been read, firstly, we need to make some assumptions that can be opinionated to be correct or faulty and can be clarified unclear business rules or procedures before building a database system. According to the coursework, the conceptual data model diagram has to be drawn using the Chen notation and the logical relational schema is needed to produce which defines the relationships between diverse tables. Both conceptual data model and logical relational schema have to be checked with 3NF, third normalization form.The considered tables should be created and inserted in database management system Microsoft Access with some extra required information. Queries, reports and forms have to be produced with the sample data by writing SQL coding for given A1 to A6 from the Sample Applications of course work scenario. Finally, the snapshots of the resulting output produced should be shown once queries, reports and forms successfully run using the appropriate tools in the chosen DBMS Microsoft Access.

Christian Iconography Essay Example for Free

saviorian Iconography Essay1. Comp be and Contrast Hosios Loukas, Greece (before 1048) v. San Marco, Venice, Italy (building consecrated 1073 photomosaics 12th c.) and the Cappella Palatina, Palermo, Sicily (1142/3) Typical mired churches, like all architectural forms, employ relatively model lay bulge outs and similar mosaic programs. Hosios Loukas, preceding some(prenominal) San Marco and Cappella Palatina, is an example of adherence to Byzantine conventions of visual programs and spatial planning. However, the churches of San Marco and Cappella Palatina be dep stratagemures from such convention. Experiencing greater influence from the West, the churches of San Marco and Cappella Palatina, in their architectural forms and decoration, at once show their Byzantine roots and strides toward westernization. Hosios Loukas, though appearing irregular in its floor plan, is actually two adjoining churches. Built on the space that marks the site of Saint Lucas death, the church is an excellent example of Byzantine planning and decoration.With a large central edible bean, the church can be divided into three main move the sanctuary, which is east of the dome the naos, which is the central portion and the narthex, or entry porch. Possessing a cross-like plan, the church is for the most part centrally planned. In the narthex, the typical mosaics of the Pantokrator, the Crucifixion and the Anastasis are employed. The apse mosaic, which is at the far end of the sanctuary, depicts the mountain chain of Theotokos sitting on a throne with the deliveryman squirt above the alter and the apse mosaic rests the mosaic of the Pentecost in the domical vault. In the central dome, which ho engrosss the Pantokrator, the circle converts to the square through an octagonal form, a feature shared out by Cappella Palatina. The squinches created by the octagon depict scenes from Christs life. Further more(prenominal), the likenesses of saints decorate the church. Most importan tly however, the decoration of the church contains little extraneous detail.San Marco, however, exists as a alteration from the traditional Byzantine format to more westernized looks. Still displaying a cruciform floor plan, the basilical form is integrated into the church. The four lateral domes and one central dome imply this focus on symmetry and centrality, time still allowing for the western influence. The naos is elongated, to create greater linearity and the cross arm of the cross-square is actually a transept. though exhibiting a lot of the same scenes, those of San Marco use up a particularly greater focus on narrative. One can observe such effects in the Anastasis scenes of both churches. In the Anastasis of Hosios Loukas, only five figures appear Christ, David, Solomon and Adam and Eve the five figures possess enough detail to identify them and the scene.In the San Marco example, eleven figures are present. The herd quality enhances the narrative, allowing them to be read as more of a story and little as a symbolic image representing an event. Similarly, the crucifixion scene of Hosios Loukas and San Marco are respectively simplified and elaborate. Cappella Palatina, built by Roger II a Norman, foc usances even greater narrative. The church also further employs the basilical form, while displaying forms from all the cultures that influenced it. Baring less architectural resemblance to the Byzantine church, Cappella Palatinas mosaics, though depicting much of the same scenes as Hosios Loukas and San Marco, are composed in a rather random way. For example, the nativity, which is usually streamlined to the most integral parts, shows multiple scenes in the same mosaic.In fact, some figures, such as the magi, appear more than once. This technique, allows the stunner to pull in out the story of the birth of Christ. The eastern apse looks like a traditional Byzantine church, with a Pantokrator and seated Virgin. However to the west, the basilical n ave shows the Western Christian influence. Its use of Old Testament tomography references Western precedentsfrom Genesis to Jacob wrestling the angel. Similarly, while the walls depict the same scenes as Byzantine churches, their format is different. Its use of registers is unseen in Byzantine counterparts. Also, the multiple Pantokrators that appear in the church, while a Byzantine form, are utilise in a uniquely un-Byzantine way. Lastly, the church ceiling, which is decorated with muqarnas, shows the Islamic influence.The basilical influence in San Marco and Cappella Palatina is unmistakable. Much of the imagery and its hierarchical placementwith the holiest at the top and most earthly at the bottomis drawn from Byzantine churches. However, the use of Old Testament scenes and the greater focus on narrative are symptoms of the western influence. San Marco and Cappella Palatina are consequences of the time and place. They are at once performes of the West and parts of an imperia l history and spectral tradition from the East. As a result, their appearance reflects the Byzantine influence, in its similarities to Hosios Loukas, and their Ravennic and Roman precedents.2. Compare and Contrast Pilgrim eulogia ampulla, Crucifixion and Women at the Tomb, pewter, 6th-7th c. v. The Limburg Staurotheca, 968-985 though created centuries apart and strikingly different in size and style, the pilgrim eulogia ampulla and the Limburg Staurotheca are similar in many ways. Both are vessels of holy materials and depict Christ and respective(a) religious figures. However the ampula represents the more egalitarian form of relic collecting. The Limburg Staurotheca, on the other hand, in its materials and relics is one of the most elite forms of collectorship. Both the Pilgrimage ampulla and the Limburg Staurotheca are composed out of metals. The ampula is made out of pewter, a metal that was readily available at the time and not costly. The Limburg Staurotheca, on the other ha nd, is made out of gold gilt medal, enamels and gems.The difference in materials is indicative of their think patrons. The ampulla, which predates the Staurotheca, was created for pilgrims that visited the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The latter, however, was commissioned by an imperial official and was mean to be viewed by elites. Additionally, both possess the ability to be hung. While the ampulla often hung around the neck of a pilgrim, the Staurotheca, which has a hoop at the top, could have been hung in a devotional space or carried during processions. The functionto hold holy objectsalso differs due to its intended viewers. Ampullae such as this were often used to hold holy liquids or soil. However, due to the account and its iconographic reference to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the lawful impair, this pilgrimage ampulla was used to hold the oil from the True Cross. Therefore, in a sense, both of these vessels hold parts of the same relic.However, t he portability and reproducibility of the oil, made it better equipped for pilgrim patrons. The Staurotheca, contrastingly, holds seven splinters of the true cross. Arranged in such a way to show the historical form of the true cross, the slivers are held in place by jewels and gold framing. Additionally, the Staurotheca also was a reliquary for mingled other relics, such as Christs purple robe, the hair of commode the Baptist, etc. Housed behind the ten different panels with inscriptions describing that which is behind them, the Staurotheca is an interactive reliquary. The viewer is able to open the panels and see the relics. The iconography of the vessels also differs. The ampulla depicts two scenes. The first is the Adoration of Cross. The meaning of the iconography is twofold. It looks like the scene of the Crucifixion, with the other two crucified flanking Christ and with worshipers in attendance.However, the more pertinent interpretation of the imagery, as it relates more di rectly to the vessel, is the pilgrims visiting and worshiping the True Cross. On the back of the ampulla, the Women at the Tomb is pictured. It also has two significances it can be read as the Marys visiting the tomb of Christ and pilgrim women visiting the tomb of Christ erected within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The iconography, therefore, draws parallels between the events of Christs life and the activities of pilgrims. The Staurotheca, on the other hand, is rich in detail yet does not contain any narrative. On the front of the reliquary is Christ enthroned, with Theotokos, John the Baptist and arch angels flanking him. Above and below are three pairs each of the apostles. Surrounding the nine conjoined panels, are portrait busts of saints.Upon opening the lid, the viewer is confronted with the slivers of the True Cross described above. Depictions of angels adorn the interior as well, and flank the inscribed panels behind which rest other important relics. Rather than expre ssly depict the relics that were encased, the reliquary simply depicted the True Cross and the portraits of angel, all of which were considered to be the image of God himself. Therefore, the ampulla and the Staurotheca differ in their iconography, their function and their materials. All results of the intended viewers and collectors, both the ampulla and Staurotheca represent the Byzantine desire to obtain primary and secondary relics. Representing the power of Christ and God, these vessels contents gave their owners assurance of success and salvation.3. Essay Question Related Directly to Readings The issue of images in Byzantine art The lineage and use of images in Byzantine art is perhaps on of the more interesting and complicated aspects of Christian iconography. The Christian imagery in Byzantine art, as noted in Heaven on Earth, became intertwined with imperial icons and ceremony. The course of Iconoclasm, however, remains the most controversial historical discourse roughly Ch ristian images and their appropriate role. The Iconoclasts believed that images were inappropriate in worship and were similar to the worship of idols, which breaks one of the commandments. Iconophiles, on the other hand, venerated images and opposed the Iconoclasts in the destruction of images. Given the vapourisable opposition of the two, understanding the Christian image in Byzantine art allows one to understand their forms of worship and relation to the holy. Firstly, it should be noted imperial and religious tradition often created a relationship between Christ and the Emperor.Occurring fairly early in the history of Byzantium, the Emperor Justinian was likened to Christ in the apse mosaic in S. Vitale. Adorned with a halo, Justinian stands in the center among twelve soldiers and religious officials. Although, as Treadgold et al. noted in Procopius and the Imperial Panels of S. Vitale, though the artist had not intended on creating the twelve apostles symbolism, as the feet sh ow that some of the heads were added as an after thought, the resulting effect is the same for the contemporaneous viewer. The emperor, the most powerful and godly of men, is likened to Christ. Such an occurrence, while prevalent throughout cultures and history, undoubtedly watered down the holy significance of Christ images in the realm of worship. However, as noted above, the Iconoclast controversy, which lasted from 726 to 843 AD, is most exemplifying of the Byzantine treatment of images. Affecting artistic production during the controversy and in its wake, the debate centered on the appropriateness of images in the Christian context.Iconoclasts, or image breakers, believed that their fellow Christians had become idolaters. Images, perhaps believed to be a source of power by laymen, the Iconoclasts contended, must be restrained. Militaristic failures reaffirmed Iconoclastic believes that they had sinned and incurred the wrath of God. In the Church of Saint Sophia, for example, de pictions of saints were replaced by the cross. Similarly, St. Irene sports a cross instead of a human likeness. (The example of the Church of the Dormition in Nicaea seems to show that the Virgin and Child mosaic replaced the Cross, post-Iconoclasm.) Therefore, the Iconoclasts effectively replaced images with the Cross. Contrastingly, the Iconophiles, or image lovers, argued for the preservation and continuation of images, given their long history.As discussed in the Abgar of Edessa identification, the likeness of Christ was venerated in biblical times. Being an ancient tradition, that Christ himself allowed/encouraged, images should be respected. Furthermore, as mentioned in Mango, the Iconophiles argued that God created man in his likeness, and specifically incarnated himself in the human form of Christ, and therefore allows for representation in the human form. though they were temporarily victorious between bouts of Iconoclasm, the Iconophiles were ultimately successful in secu ring the role of images in Christianity. After the ideological defeat of the Iconoclasts, the Iconophiles restored much of the Christian imagery that had been water-washed away. St. Sophia, having had images removed by the iconoclasts, exists as a testament to the great controversy. The St. Sophia apse mosaic is an excellent example of post-iconoclast image restoration.A mosaic of Theotokos and Child was erected with an inscription condemning the Iconoclasts the inscription is known to refer to them as imposters. Similarly, written and illustrated texts, such as the Khludov Psalter, describe the heresy of the Iconoclasts. It likens them to the Jews. As the Jews killed Christ, the Iconoclasts washed away and killed his image. Furthermore, much of the adjustment illustrations depict figures holding a medallion image of Christ, as a testament to the devotion to images. The Iconophiles believed that icons and images of the holy and saintly sanctified churches and practiced such post-ic onoclasm.Post-iconoclasm, much of the ravages were rectified and restored. Beautifully decorous images adorned churches and texts in the wake of the controversy. The Psalter of Paris, for example, rather naturalistically depicts David composing the Psalms. Personifying the location and muses, the image gives the layman the opportunity to pictographically read the origin of the Psalms. Ultimately, the images not only teach through visuals, but inspire awe. The illuminating mosaics of churches produced miraculous, luminary effects that created a greater sense of the sacred.Consequently, the use of images in Byzantine art is an issue of great complexity. Once deriving influence from the iconography of pagan religions, the Iconoclasm controversy returned to the Christian-pagan associations. The Iconoclasts believed that the worship of images was like that of idols by the pagans. In an attempt to remain in the decent with God, they sought to rid Christianity of its idolatrous icons. Tho ugh, in accordance with sanctity, egalitarianism and tradition the debate was won by the image lovers, restoring the place of Christian icons.

Relationship Between Social Policy And Welfare

Relationship Between Social Policy And WelfareSocial policy may be described in two ways. Primarily, societal policy is seen to have a direct impact on persons and groups of people. Secondly, Social policy is an academic subject to be researched. Social Policy may be defined as the developing and implementing measures to combat fond problems in society, and to the academic study of these measures and their broader social context (Alcock, Erskine, and May, 2002240). Baldock, Manning, and Bickerstaff (2007 xxi.) describe a social policy as the states deliberate involvement to redistribute resources amongst its citizens so as to achieve a welfare objective. Social policies affect a wide range of people, whether it is at an individual level or regards to communities. According to Spicker (20081) social policies have to concentrate on several issues including housing, health, education, social security and employment.The development of Social policies and their carrying into action h ave a direct impact on the social welfare of every one in the society. Social welfare refers to the various social arrangements that are in place to meet the ineluctably of individuals and groups in society, with the hope to tackle social problems. According to Fitzpatrick (20015) social policy aims to maximize welfare and minimize diswelfare and he states that there are six of import perspectives on welfare happiness, security, preferences, needs, desert, and relative comparisons. at that place are numerous texts that exist around the issue of policy formation and its contested consanguinity with the effects of the policies executing on the welfare of those it aims to target. This essay aims to provide an everywhereview of the evolution of social policy, legislation and practice in relation to child welfare in Irleand.Relation to an tone of Irish PolicyHill and Hupe stated that Implemenation inevitably takes different shapes and forms in different cultures and institutional s ettings(20062). This section of the essay will examine some of the relationship between social policy and child welfare in Ireland from the 1940s up to the present day.Children Allowance and Health CarePerphaps one of the most signisif potentiometert social policy developments regarding child welfare was in introduction of Childrens Allowance in 1944. However, the initial implemention of the Act included serveral discrepancies, thus it did not benefit the welfare of every(prenominal) the communitiy. For example, initially the payment was only availabe to families with three or more children. Means testing meant that many families were elimanted from the possible social welfare they deserved. Simliarly, in 1950, Noel Browne introduced the arrive and Child Scheme. He hoped that this would overcome many of the elements that infringed the rights of people in regards to the Childrens allowance. However, both the Catholic church and the medical profession opposed hes scheme in apprehen sion that state run and free medical care would go against their hierachy. With Browns later resignation,the hope of his scheme cosmos fully implented collapsed. Burke (200529) stated that the controversy over the mother and child scheme has profound effecs on the developement of social policy in this country. The power struggle between the church and the state most definelty winding to diswelfare among citizens.Mandatory Reporting of Child AbuseSociety has a challenging task of protecting children. Societies need to employ several ways in which they can achieve this, for example, social, economic, moral, legal and environmental. In the mid 1990s, The Law Reform Commission recommended the introduction of mandatory overlaying of child abuse. The matter of mandatory reporting is one of complexity which has implications not only for childrens welfare but also families, workers and the state. One of the main advantages of the implemenation of such a system was the hope that it would empower proffesionals to report abuse. preceding(prenominal) all else it was prodicted that this would secure consistency and would provide a basis for better statistical evidence. However, disadvantages included the danger of over reporting of cases using scarce resources.There was great variety of options about the mandatory reporting of child abuse. Many argued for an immediate introduction of mandatory reporting of child abuse as it was seen as a means of protecting children( ACT legislative Assembly nd) and their welfare. However, others believed it would divert the already scarce resources from programs that delivered assistance to families and at risk children. For example, Lipsky (1980) beleived that scarcity of resources leads to street- level bureaucracies being consistently criticized for their inability to implement policies which are related to the areas they work in thus leading to diswelfare in many cases. After much debate, the government mulish against the introdu ction of mandatory reporting on the basis that it was not in the childrens best interests and welfare. The scarcity of resources combined with the complex relationship between proffesionals and clients do it unrealistic.Legislative Framework Governing the Implementation of Childcare PolicyThe Children Act of 1908 and the Health Act 1953 and 1957 were replaced by the Child Care Act 1991 and the Children Act 2001 as the primary quill statutory framework for the care and control of children in Ireland. Among many provisions, the main aim of the Act according to O Sullivan (2009251) is the placing of a statutory duty on health boards to promote the welfare of children who are not receiving adequate care and defense. In the period following the passing of the childrens act in 1991, many attempts were made to standardise procedures and practises in the area of childcare services. For exmaple, the Report of the Killkenny Incest Enquiry in 1993 evidently highlighted that guidelines were not being used and many workers were not even informed of there existence. However, in 1995, new guidelines on The Notification of Suspected Cases of Child Abuse Between Healthboards and Gardai were issued and aimed at standardising the cases between the two agencies. This was a step frontwards for maximising the welfare of children.In 1999, in the Publication of Children First National Guidelines for the Protection and Welfare of Children were introduced to improve proffesional practise and thus improving the welfare of children. It highlighted the grandeur of consistency between policies and procedures. Unlike guidelines before it, Children First was built upon a set of principles which included participation by parents/carers and children in conferences and the development of child protection plans. These guidelines were valuable as they provided a framework for practise, meaning that proffessionals are accountable for their actions. In 2002, Buckley made a warning of the dang ers of an over regulated system, as she believed it may lead to discretion and therapeutical skills being replaced by adminstrative management and regulation. In 2003 The Social Services Inspectorate was asked to monitor the implementation of the guidelines, however, while some aspect of the report were postivie,it was concluded that the progress in realtion to Garda/health board cooperation, the child protection committees and planning for family support services was inadequate O Sullivan (2009257) Confusion surrounding the implementation of this policy still exists.ConculsionThis essay has attempted to summarise and give a critical analysis of certain social policy in Ireland and their relationship with childrens Welfare. As illustrated in the above examples, the in most cases policies may be developed with the hope to benefit and increase the welfare of children but unless they are implemented powerful the policies may lead to diswelfare.

Loreals New Product Development Strategy Marketing Essay

Loreals New Product Development Strategy Marketing EssayThis floor is ground on LOreals new crop development strategy and the way they fix successfully managed to achieve considerable grocery sh ares by dint of consistent RD efforts. The oddball continues with an insight into LOreals concepts that have been a success among the diverse segments of the global market.LOreal has not exactly fol downhearteded a comprehensive, enormous term RD strategy that has resulted in creating innovative start out through crossroads like Fructis, but it has also tried to maintain its rest period in the midst of RD and marketing inter establishment.Comp any overviewLOreal UK is the Groups fourth largest subsidiary in Europe and ordinal in the world and has been present in the UK for 75 years. Also A significant player in the UK cosmetics market, turnover in 2006 reached 626 million and 67% of women in the UK use one or more LOreal product. Approximately 170 million units were produced a t the Llantrisant factory in 2006 and nearly 70% of the factory output is exported. oversea Recent investments have included a biological waste water treatment plant and more efficient heating, ventilation and lighting systems.The new statistical distribution centre adjacent to the factory covers an area of over 18,000m2 and can house up to 10 million products and 300 sight are employed at the factory. 25% of the permanent staff has worked for LOreal for over 20 years. (www.loreal.co.uk)IntroductionInnovation is the most crucial stage for a company and it carries significant risk in the context of product failures that might occur right after their pitch in the market. The product failure rate can be as low as 30% and as high as 90% in this regard. (Antil, J.1988). The global market is characterised by different taste patterns of consumers. Therefore in the face of rapidly changing consumer tastes, technology and competition, companies should continuously provide the global market with new products that satisfy all segments of the market. This requires systematic Research Development and innovation by companies in devote to create successful products that have a considerable market demand. In the case of LOreal, the company has always tried to be innovating through their RD efforts. The case sites the example of LOreals Feria range that was completely innovated for Asian people. Product innovation is a hard task and it requires careful planning by the company based on the above mentioned factors.Today the global market is a fiercely competitive environment in which the important derriere for companies is to capture increasing returns to home while minimizing / lowering costs of production with neat speed and flexibility (Kotabe, 1990). LOreal as an international chain tries to achieve these targets through its consistent RD innovations in rig to create products that are marketable throughout all international market.LOreals RD innovation expends so me 20% more for new product development as compared to its competitors much(prenominal) as Procter Gamble and Unilever, occupying number one position in the market.Why is new innovation so important for a company like LOrealLOreal is a well established company in fashion business and in order to maintain its superior standing in the global market, it has to concentrate on the strategies it employs for innovation. The speed at which fashion markets change is very high, with very in brief product purport cycles. Many fashion items have product cycles as short as half a year, or even a few weeks. Consumers preferences depend on the season, on the social and cultural environment and on the effects of previous marketing communication for fashion items or substitute products (Mintel, 2005). Responding in a dately way to these changing demands is vital for success. Moreover, without new products, firms will certainly be at a stand still And Research also highlights that early entry o f new products can result in competitive advantage and long term market dominance.The characteristics of the fashion industry require companies to make strategic choices about factors such as quality, speed, technology, price and flexibility these factors define the posture of a company (Abell, 1993). Drawing upon the information provided in the case study, it can be suggested that LOreal operates in the slip away end of the fashion market with clear market arrangement.LOreals targeted market segments can be characterised as fashion trend-setters, and these are the customers in the high and medium segments. They demand products with innovative styles, with top-level quality by scientists and designers that have make the reputation of powerful brands. It should be noticed that firms that operate in the mass segment which targets fashion followers tend to imitate the high performing products of top brands like LOreal and therefore the competitive advantage of top brands recedes o ver time, making product lifecycle short. Given the high quality expected of its products and the short product life cycle prevailing in fashion, LOreal has adopted a vertical integration, which afforded it a full control of quality and operations (Erica Stefania, 2004).Therefore, innovation is a critical and complex process that has a direct impact on the companys prestige, which justifies the importance of such developments. Therefore LOreal has to come up with such innovations that not only if appeal to the various(a) segments of the global market, but also enhance the companys position once they penetrate the market. hence LOreal would have to invest heavily in the project of new products and be confident about the effectiveness, market might and practicality of these products..Moreover, successful innovation is likely to earn LOreal a superior market share and turnover, increasing the value of the company. Also, LOreal has been a front promissory note of fashion and in ord er to keep up with the expectations of its consumers, the company has to lay in breeze new formulas that are carefully researched and tested for their effectiveness. For e.g. when the Japanese people were tired of having black hair and required an alternative to western hair colours due to their poor results, LOreal came up with an effective new hair formula that first bleached their hair and then dyed them according to their desirable colour.Therefore it is clear that in order for a company like LOreal, in operation(p) in a volatile and turbulent fashion industry, to create a sustainable competitive advantage should have a fast innovative product development cycle. Because LOreal tries to grab the maximum market share through the introduction of innovative products that are not only different but also allow to the different segments of the international market.Problems of managing Innovation and has LOreal solved these problemsIn order to launch new products successfully, compa nies like LOreal have to spend a great potty of time and energy in research and development. Thinking profitable/effective new ideas and implementing them are the core issues to be addressed and in this regard LOreals RD performs the task of approach up with successful innovations while the implementation lies in the hands of how these innovations are marketed. If LOreal launches a new product that cannot be marketed effectively, the RD efforts would be marked as incompetent and useless.Before launching or marketing any new product locally or internationally, a company has to be sure that its innovation would be differentiated from other products and is based on consumers preferences. Such ideas are most likely initiated by marketing and then RD takes over the task. Once the RD process is complete, the launch of new product requires the companys scientists/engineers to observe the market reality and employ different ways of marketing their product. Any negligence in this context would not only result in product failures once they are launched, but would also harm the companys image.For companies like LOreal which continue to thrive on innovation because good ties amid marketing and RD to perform their activities during the process of launching innovative products in the global market.However, reality appears a bit complex because studies have shown that RD and marketing tend to have different perceptions and interpretations of the characteristics of a new product, particularly in terms of its technical innovation and the extent to which it affects the established consumption patterns. In reality, marketing perceives a more critical role of a new product for positioning in a market segment than RD. Also marketing perceives a higher level of customization of individual products than RD. Wang and von Tunzelmann (1997)However, the need for long-term innovation always exists and the scientists need to be given some independence to design new formulas that are not uncover unless desired.The different views of innovation-marketing are influenced by their different personality, cultural background, time orientation, ambiguity, tolerance and level of detail of language used (Griffin and Hauser, 1996). Therefore for companies like LOreal the innovation-marketing interface ask to be managed in such a way that it satisfies both the needs of innovation as well as marketing.According to a study conducted by Wang in 1997 the innovation and marketing functions were found to have collaborated in accomplishing tasks in trio areas.* Conceptual development, identifying and evaluating relevant information* Strategic development, market positioning and product differentiation* Implementation, Internal and external communication.For LOreal these three functions are an important consideration in the process of innovation without which innovations might involve a high peak of risk, resulting in product failures. Once the concept for new product is devel oped through thorough research, LOreal focuses on identifying its target market segments for effective market positioning followed by laying a much greater accent on differentiating its products from its competitors like Procter Gamble and Unilever. Therefore it has to maintain a careful balance between creative innovation-marketing.An important link also exists between the innovation-marketing management. For instance, a strong mismatch between what is desired by customers and what is developed by LOreal would reduce the companys ability to predict market response to its new product. This would result in a reduced level of confidence on the effectiveness of marketing (Shankar, 1999). Therefore, in this context, a clear understanding of customer needs would be helpful in determining a companys innovation timing. This means that by effective management of innovation and marketing interfaces, firms can come up with better strategies both in terms of resource allocation and entry tim ing.It has been seen that most companies that spend great deal of time and effort on innovation to come up with new ideas, have created such products that resulted in a technological break-through, captivating a gigantic market share.In case of LOreal, the company has been spending a lot on its innovation department, (spending about 20% greater than its competitors).LOreal employs 2500 chemists, biologists, pharmacists and the companys RD aims to deliver 2000 new ideas to its marketers in order to launch 2000 new products annually. It not only has to develop successful ideas, but also find a perfect marketing strategy that addresses the target markets for the new products, their positioning, sales, market share and profit goals at initial stages. It therefore tries to maintain the balance between creative innovation marketing.The company not only analyzes the marketability of its new products but also tests its effectiveness through its careful innovation process. For e.g. when th e marketers desired a fruit based shampoo for the European market, LOreals RD took over the task and it took the company 10 years to come up with Fructis, which captured LOreal a 28% share in the European market alone. This was, in fact, a result of the long term RD efforts of the company and LOreal tries to follow a three-level strategy for efficient management of innovation to marketing interface. Also the company launched a sun lotion exclusively for children, the Ambre Solaire Childrens Sun Lotion, which took three years for its launch and development. Therefore LOreal has tried to solve most of the problems resulting from an imbalanced innovation-marketing interface and needs to lay a greater emphasis on satisfying the individual needs of innovation and marketing respectively. It needs to continue by having a clear focus of the technological innovations and fashion trends.LOreal takes on the new product development screening task during its innovation phase when the company eva luates ideas generated from its own advanced research and whatever is being done externally (outside the company). LOreal makes sure that in order to boost the excitement of its products among consumers it needs to evaluate the effectiveness of its new formulas and offer a clear benefit to the consumers in order to get it accepted by the masses. It was this new product development screening process that resulted in the launch of Ambre Solaire childrens sun lotion by LOreal after three years of full research, thus, coming up with a formula that offered maximum protection to childrens delicate skin that instilled the confidence of their parents in the new product.LOreal has tried to launch its products which are characterized by these thorough screening processes, and it has succeeded to a considerable extent. However, during the screening process LOreal also needs to make sure that its new product developments are consistent with the companys objectives, that they are feasible in te rms of product design and are suitable for the identified target markets.CONCLUSIONAfter analysing this case in great detail, both in terms of marketing literature and practical application, it can be undersood that global companies like LOreal have to keep in line with the technological changes as they bring about marked product or process design transformations. Innovation plays a significant role in this regard, without which any new formula/idea is unable to be processed into a tangible new product. This requires professional scientists/engineers to be hired by companies and LOreal expends a great deal on hiring such professionals who can come up with effective, innovative and marketable ideas.The need to respond quickly to the dynamic global market forces requires companies to commix rapidly to the perceptions and needs of both product developers and potential consumers Therefore, in todays fierce global competition, it is tough to differentiate. products and companies are req uired to have sufficient knowledge about their target markets/segments locally as well as internationally. Therefore product screening is another important process that needs to be carried out by companies in order to have a closer look at competitive products and evaluate their own product demand and LOreal seems to stand out in this regard as it employs professionals who carefully monitor competitors products in great detail.All this needs to be synchronized with an effective marketing strategy that is in balance with innovation functions of the company, which eventually builds up new products image in the various targeted segments, hence, boosting the companys prestige. It is not easy to gain customer satisfaction without long term effort.

John Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding -- Reality John Lock

John Lockes see Concerning Human Understanding In John Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he makes a distinction between the sorts of ideas we can conceive of in the perception of tendencys. Locke separates these perceptions into special and alternate qualities. Regardless of any review article of such a distinction, it is a necessary one in that, without it, perception would be a haphazard affair. To illustrate this, an examination of Lockes definition of primary and secondary qualities is necessary. Starting from common-sense notions of perception, namely that there must be something in order to perceive something, Locke continues by arguing that ideas in the mind correspond to qualities in the endeavor being perceived. Locke states that Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or is in the immediate object of perception, thought or understanding, that I call idea and the power to pose any idea in our mind, I call quality of the subject wherein that po wer is. 11 Primary qualities are those aspects of an object that are in and of the object being perceived. Anything that must actually be in an object in order for any object to exist is a primary quality. These, Locke stated, are inherent from an object. Qualities such as mass, solidity, and extension in three dimensions are all primary qualities. To say that an object has mass and solidity but no make for or extension in three dimensions is inconceivable if not outright ridiculous. So, primary qualities are necessary for an object to be considered an object. If something does not have primary qualities, then it cannot be considered an object but must be considered to be something else. Secondary qualities, according to Locke,... ...ere God creates substance and everything associated with it. Conversely, without a belief in God, Berkeleys military strength cannot be put forth, as there would be nothing to create the perceptions, and Lockes position becomes more likely. A nd if your faith leads you to the conclusion that there is no God, then you must put your faith in a material world for there is no other consistent world of which you could conceive.Endnotes1 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York DoubleDay, 1974) p.24 Back2 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York DoubleDay, 1974) p.25 Back3 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York DoubleDay, 1974) p.166 Back4 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York DoubleDay, 1974) p.168 Back5 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York DoubleDay, 1974) p.168 Back

Prejudice and Racism in Heart of Darkness, A Grain of Wheat, and A smal

The Literary Response to Racism in Heart of phantasma, A Grain of Wheat, and A sm alone place Racism and prejudice can be regarded as both societal and individual phenomena, developed and manifested at all levels of society from government policy through organizational structures, inter- aggroup and interpersonal interactions to intra-personal attitudes and feelings. Media and literature react to these perceptions and have taken part in shaping the attitudes and feelings of society. The novels Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, A Grain of Wheat by Ngugi wa Thiongo, and Jamaica Kincaids essay A small place represent a literary response to the deadly tool of racism in colonial and postcolonial history. Racism has typically been reflected by structural inequalities rooted in history and been perpetuated over time. The belief that one group was inferior to another was essential in order to justify the process of dispossessing indigenous groups of their land during colonization. Th e colonial powers instituted and maintained differentials between different ethnic and ethnical groups by parceling out admission to education or employment, and by restricting access to law and medical care. These inequalities consequently served to emphasize difference quite a than similarity among the colonized and the colonizer, thus reinforcing stereotypes of superiority or inferiority. The policies and practices were aimed to reflect a belief that the dominant culture is the normal one, which served as a standard by which all else could be judged. Ngugi wa Thiongo is an African post-colonialist writer who portrays his experience of colonial racism from a natives view. In his novel A Grain of Wheat, he picture... ...o. 7 The Post Colonial Studies Reader Editors Bill Ashcroft Gareth Griffiths, Helen Tiffin. Publisher Routledge New York, 1999 DiBeta, Karen A Grain of Wheat Dispelling the Great Myth http//www.tcnj.edulmccaule/emposit.htm Accessed June 29, 2001 Human Rights Wat ch Leave No One to Tell the Story. Genocide in Ruanda.Doc. 171-1 http//www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1 Accessed June 19, 2001 Eurofic European Forum for International Cooperation. Platform of the European Commission on Development and Cooperation, 115 Rue Stepin, Brussels, Belgium http//www.oneworld.org/eurostep Accessed June 21, 2001 Omoregie, F.K Rodney, Cabral and Ngugi as Guides to African Postcolonial Literature English Department, University of Botswana http//landow.stg.brown.edu/post/africa/omoregie11.htmlmungoshi1 Accessed June 28, 2001