Sunday, December 29, 2019

The Exploration Of The British Petroleum Essay - 1664 Words

Introduction British Petroleum is among the largest producers of oil and gas in the world. Headquartered in London, England it is one of only seven â€Å"supermajors† in the production of petroleum, in fact its performance in 2012 made it the sixth largest producer in its field and by market capitalization. It is also considered a vertically integrated company which operates in all areas of oil production including exploration, refining, distribution, and marketing. It has also recently expanded into biofuels and wind power. [2] A crisis for BP began in the middle of 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on a British Petroleum project. The Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig exploded, sunk, and began leaking oil into the ocean for 87 days. It was finally capped on July 15th, 2010 after more than one failed attempt. Due to the explosion, eleven people went missing and were never found. This is among the most damaging ocean oil spills in the history of the oil industry, approximately 8% to 31% more volume than the previously recorded leak. The American government concluded that the amount of oil leaked was more than 4.9 million barrels or 210 million US gallons. [3] Stakeholders Employees are essential to most any operations. Organizations that keep their employees knowledgeable on current events transpiring within said organization are much more effective than employees kept in the dark. Employees who feel secure in their jobs are typically much more inclined to be productive than those whom areShow MoreRelatedThe Exploration Of British Petroleum1435 Words   |  6 Pagesi. Cover Page ii. Table of Content iii. Executive Summary iv. Report v. Work Cited â€Æ' Summary British Petroleum is one of the biggest oil and gas organizations around the world. British Petroleum had the rights to investigate the Macondo all around, situated in the Gulf of Mexico in 2009. Events like Deep Water Horizon explosion has also been taken place under the supervision of the British Petroleum company. Because of the absence of regulations, both inward and outward, and in additionally dueRead MoreThe Exploration Of British Petroleum1412 Words   |  6 Pages British Petroleum has a large operation in the United States and it has made investments to ensure that it develops these operations to maximize its production and increase profits. One such investment was the acquisition of the vast oil field at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. This acquisition represented a good increase in the percentage of oil production in the United States and ensured that the company could increase its production and further its goals and objectives for the United States market. As earlyRead MoreConcep tual Framework And Literature Review Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesunder the Nigeria petroleum laws, the federal government appropriates the right over oil and gets all revenues accruing from its production. From this, it follows that the primary responsibility of developing the oil producing communities is that of the government. It should be noted that under the Nigeria’s petroleum laws, the oil companies do not have legal responsibility to develop the oil producing area, but their statutory obligation is to pay a royalty of 19% and a petroleum profit tax of 85%Read MorePetroleum And Energy Industry : Bp1724 Words   |  7 PagesBP is one of the biggest petroleum and energy companies in the world. It has a truly interesting history that stated very early in the 20th century in Persia, when an Australian/British magnate decided to explore the country’s soil in search of petroleum. After the success of such expedition (That at some point almost failed) the company d eveloped a rich market and expanded all through Western Europe, as well as some parts of Asia and Oceania. They also played a crucial role during the wars, by providingRead MoreBritish Petroleum1639 Words   |  7 PagesOil Company which is now known as British Petroleum (BP) was founded in 1909 and is one of the world’s leading international gas and oil companies. The multinational British company’s headquarters is located in London, United Kingdom and is one of the five largest oil companies in the world. The pioneer of the Middle Eastern oil industry, BP discovered oil in Iran before World War I and eventually became involved in all aspects of the oil industry, from exploration to marketing. Offering an arrayRead MoreSwot Analysis of Oil in Nigeria2736 Words   |  11 PagesNigeria Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Industry Investment Opportunities, Analysis and Forecasts of All Active and Planned Exploration Blocks and Oil and Gas Fields to 2012 Description: Nigeria Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Industry Investment Opportunities, Analysis and Forecasts of All Active and Planned Exploration Blocks and Oil and Gas Fields to 2012 Summary This profile is the essential source for top-level industry data and information relating to the Exploration and ProductionRead MoreA liking for science, and a passion towards technology enabled me to choose Earth Science as a600 Words   |  3 Pagesbetter understanding on every day science I took science subjects in my O and A levels. My bachelor degree in Applied Geology led me to acquire a strong background of concepts such as structural Geology, Basics of Geophysics, Exploration Geophysics, Physics of the Earth and Petroleum geology. With extensive research and discussions with my professors and professionals linked with oil and gas industry, I chose Geophysics as my area of interest for my graduation. I was then recruited by BGP InternationalRead MoreEssay about Drilling for Oil in The Gulf of Mexico985 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica has been dependant on oil since the 1800’s and the invention of modern machinery. From skin care products to the gasoline in our cars and engines, petroleum is the basis of almost everything we use for everyday life. Without oil the nation could not meet the energy demands we need to survive. Continued exploration has been the topic of heated debate among supporters and opponents, especially when it comes to offshore drilling. My goal here is to show the differing view points of drillingRead MorePetroleum And Natural Gas Exploration Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pages Executive Summary April 20, 2010 was the beginning of the end for British Petroleum. BP was started in 1901 by William Knox D’Arcy. Their mission is to operate oil and natural gas exploration, while marketing and distributing all over the globe. The primary issues the company faces are rebuilding their business after the tragic oil spill, their low oil prices and internal leadership promotions. Following the 2010 oil spill, all of BP’s top executives were fired, and the company has continuedRead MoreBritish Petroleum: Analysis of the Different Management Leadership Styles1506 Words   |  6 Pagesand Motivation Abstract In this paper, we will analyze British Petroleum which is a well known multinational firm. We will also assess the working culture of Britain which will mainly focus regarding its workforce and then provide some motivational strategies which can be linked with better productivity. Finally we will recommend different management leadership styles that would best fit our chosen firm. Overview British Petroleum is a well renowned multinational oil and gas firm which has

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Graduation Speech Essay - 1978 Words

I want to say CONGRATULATIONS to the class of 2012. I greatly appreciate sharing my journey with you. I believe the greater the difficulty, the greater the glory and the glory is what we celebrate tonight. When I was first asked to speak in front of the graduation committee, I said to myself, I cant do this, what do I have to say anyway, I dont have time, Im in the middle of midterms and its just something else I have to prepare for. After pondering over all these excuses, Im here and I have an answer to my own questions. The reason Im here is because my achievements are much greater than me. I owe most of my success to the faculty, staff, and students of Shelton Community College. I need to show my gratitude and†¦show more content†¦It was a whole new world to me. It wasnt dirty, burnt, and there was no graffiti on the walls. I didnt even see any students pants sagging (well, I did) but it wasnt due to the gun located in their belt buckle. That was when I first realized that just maybe I MIGHT not hate college as much as I currently hated high school. I left Washington and went back to California after my summer visit to finish out my last two years at Milor High School. I graduated, completely disgusted with my environment. I knew the only way I would become someone that people could look up to and respect would be if I left California. I packed up my 1986 Ford Escort with over 200,000 miles on it and drove to Washington state. I got my own apartment, supported myself, worked full time, and finally decided it was time to go to college. What college did I choose? Shelton Community College, the school that made a huge impression on me as a teen-ager. This was the most challenging experience in my life, at the time. I worked from 8 a.m.-5 p.m., went to class on my lunch hour, took night classes until 10 p.m., and did homework on the weekends. Some may wonder if I had a social life, the answer is NO, but I maintained a 3.5 GPA for 31/2 years. In the words of Washington Irving, LittleShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : My Graduation E ssay1022 Words   |  5 Pages My Graduation A Graduation ceremony is one of the major steps in life, it marks the start of new changes in our lives. It ushers us into growing up and be responsible for our actions. It marks a new dawn of embracing life experiences, cultivation of good work ethics and eventually culminates in chasing our dreams. On my graduation day, I woke up to the sweet aroma of the breakfast my sister was making. I sat down to eat when the food was ready. It took me about 2 hours to finishRead MoreGraduation Speech1128 Words   |  5 PagesSasenarine Tomby Graduation Speech 2011 Good afternoon [name of members of the head table], teachers, parents, students, fellow graduates and distinguished guests. I must first and foremost thank God for this blessing and honor to stand before you today as Valedictorian of the Class of 2011. Yet, today is not only my day to shine. Every graduate present here is deserving of high praise and recognition and I would like to congratulate each of you on reaching this milestone in life. IRead MoreGraduation Speech650 Words   |  3 PagesCongratulations everyone, congratulations. If youre participating in this graduation ceremony, youve taken the next step toward your future goals and dreams. For those of you that just finished your transfer degrees, congratulations. To those of you that came back to school after a few years off to get a better education, congratulations. To those of you that came to get a certificate or learn IT or computer programming so you can get a better job, congratulations. Now that youre moving onRead More Graduation Speech Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesLadies, gentlemen, parents, friends, family, staff, fellow students: Instead of taking up more time and reading my speech, it is available to you at http://www.olen’s_speech.com. Thank you. No, just kidding. But seriously folks... Today we are gathered here to celebrate our graduation from 12 long years of schooling. The education granted to us has been a privilege. One so graciously given to us by the citizens of our state, by our community, and by our parents. Today would not beRead More Graduation Speech Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesyou might ever sit through. Most of us, though, and I regret that I am in this group, will sit through many more ceremonies -- ceremonies longer and more tedious that this or anything else you can imagine. If you think this is bad, try a college graduation. Think, that is, attend a wedding. And, if just for a moment you think that that is bad, just be thankful you have never attended or will attend a Bar Mitzvah. The only ceremony I think anybody would truly enjoy attending is a funeral. But, onlyRead MoreEssay on Graduation Speech830 Words   |  4 Pagesthe senior class president. A few weeks ago, I was told that I would be speaking at graduation. I was asked to put together a speech for tonight -- Ive become experienced at speech writing over the past couple of weeks. The speech that you are hearing is the fourth one Ive written, the recycle bin needs to be emptied at home and I need a new highlighter. Thank you, Mr. Mier, you get an A+ for your help as my speech teacher but an F for saving trees. Tonight Id like to talk to three groupsRead MoreAn Example of a Graduation Speech653 Words   |  3 Pageswriting papers, doing homework, taking an occasional pop quiz, and of course taking countless exams, it is that time that we all anticipate†¦Graduation! Purpose Statement: Since the majority of us are seniors, and graduation is a little less than a month away, I am going to provide you with some historical background information and some fun facts about graduation in order to make the occasion even more meaningful than it already is. Road Map: Most of you could probably agree that high school wasRead More Graduation Speech Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy abroad, and with the great help of the Turner family, Ms. Joy Fitzpatrick who is the international student program coordinator, and my parents, I entered America as an international student on March 11, 2001, only one week after my high school graduation in Japan. It seems as though yesterday when I saw my host mom crying at the airport to see me landed to America safely, as if she were welcoming back her own daughter. I still recall the very first class I took. I was so scared and nervous thatRead More Graduation Speech Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthis graduation speech, several people suggested including a profound quote offering â€Å"encouraging advice to the young graduates†, and then there were others who said, â€Å"eh don’t worry about it, no one listens to those anyway.† Fortunately, I was actually able to take from both suggestions and found a happy balance. You see, I won’t tell you today to: â€Å"Dare to dream† or â€Å"Find your own vision† or even to â€Å"Strive for excellence,† or any trite clichà © that’s ever been said in a graduation speech. SoRead More Graduation Speech Essay560 Words   |  3 PagesWhen they were trying to find someone to give this speech they first asked the most intelligent, smart person they could find. But she turned them down. So then they asked the most beautiful, lovely, attractive person they could find. She also turned them down. Next they asked the nicest, sweetest, kindest, most sincere person they could find. Then I decided it would be rude to turn them down three times in a row, so here I am. How many people here like tomato soup? Come on, raise your hand if

Friday, December 13, 2019

Comparison Between Market Structures Free Essays

string(7666) " from the last unit of output is equal to the cost of producing the last unit, therefore marginal profit is equal to zero\) †¢ Since MR=P\(=D=AR\), when MR=MC, P=MC †¢ When individual firms no longer reshuffle output †¢ When maximum profits are attained †¢ SR equilibrium conditions are fulfilled, and †¢ No entry of new firms and no exit of existing firms †¢ MR = MC where MC is rising \(revenue from the last unit of output is equal to the cost of producing the last unit, therefore marginal profit is equal to zero\) †¢ Since PMR, when MR=MC, PMC MR = MC where MC is rising \(revenue from the last unit of output is equal to the cost of producing the last unit, therefore marginal profit is equal to zero\) †¢ Since PMR, when MR=MC, PMC †¢ MR = MC where MC is rising \(revenue from the last unit of output is equal to the cost of producing the last unit, therefore marginal profit is equal to zero\) †¢ Since PMR, when MR=MC, PMC M eaning of SR Equilibrium †¢ When individual firms no longer reshuffle output †¢ When maximum profits are attained †¢ SR equilibrium conditions are fulfilled, and †¢ No entry of new firms and no exit of existing firms When individual firms no longer reshuffle output †¢ When maximum profits are attained †¢ SR equilibrium conditions are fulfilled, and †¢ No entry of new firms and no exit of existing firms †¢ When individual firms no longer reshuffle output †¢ When maximum profits are attained †¢ SR equilibrium conditions are fulfilled, and †¢ No entry of new firms and no exit of existing firms Meaning of LR Equilibrium Profitability in SR †¢ Supernormal profits when the firm earns profits which are in excess of what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Supernormal Profits under Perfect Competition \$ MC AC P0 Supernormal Profits †¢ Supernormal profits when the firm earns profits which are in excess of what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Supernormal Profits under Monopolistic Competition \$ MC AC Supernormal Profits †¢ Supernormal profits when the firm earns profits which are in excess of what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Supernormal Profits under Oligopoly \$ MC †¢ Supernormal profits when the firm earns profits which are in excess of what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Supernormal Profits under Monopoly \$ MC AC Supernormal Profits AR=MR=DD P0 P0 AC Supernormal Profits P0 AR=DD MR Q0 Quantity Q0 Quantity Q0 MR AR=DD MR Quantity Q0 AR=DD Quantity 3 Perfect Competition †¢ Normal profits refers to that level of profits that is just sufficient to induce the firm to stay in the industry Normal Profits under Perfect Competition \$ MC AC P0 AR=MR=DD Monopolistic Competition †¢ Normal profits refers to that level of profits that is just sufficient to induce the firm to stay in the industry Normal Profits under Monopolistic Competition \$ MC AC P0 Oligopoly †¢ Normal profits refers to that level of profits that is just sufficient to induce the firm to stay in the industry Normal Profits under Oligopoly \$ MC AC P0 Monopoly †¢ Normal profits refers to that level of profits that is just sufficient to induce the firm to stay in the industry Normal Profits under Monopoly \$ MC AC P0 AR=DD MR Q0 Quantity Q0 Quantity Q0 MR AR=DD MR Quantity Q0 AR=DD Quantity †¢ Subnormal profits occur when the firm earns less profits than what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Subnormal Profits under Perfect Competition \$ MC AC Subnormal profits occur when the firm earns less profits than what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Subnormal Profits under Monopolistic Competition \$ AC MC Subnormal Profits †¢ Subnormal profits occur when the firm earns less profits than what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Subnormal Profits under Oligopoly \$ MC AC Subnormal Profits †¢ Subn ormal profits occur when the firm earns less profits than what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Subnormal Profits under Monopoly \$ AC MC Subnormal Profits P0 Subnormal Profits AR=MR=DD P0 P0 P0 AR=DD MR Q0 Quantity Q0 Quantity Q0 MR AR=DD MR Quantity Q0 AR=DD Quantity Profitability in LR Necessarily makes normal profit because of free entry and exit from the industry †¢ Supernormal profits – beyond optimum capacity \(Overutilisation where AC is rising\) †¢ Normal profits – optimum capacity \(Full utilisation where AC is at its minimum\) †¢ Subnormal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) Necessarily makes normal profit because of free entry and exit from the industry †¢ Supernormal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) †¢ Normal profits – below capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) †¢ Subnormal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) Can be making either normal or supernormal profits because of the presence of entry to the industry †¢ Supernormal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) †¢ Normal profits – below capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) †¢ Subnormal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) Can be making either normal or supernormal profits because of the presence of entry to the industry †¢ Supernormal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) †¢ Normal profits – below capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) †¢ Subnormal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) Plant Utilisation in SR 4 Perfect Competition Plant Utilisation in LR Normal profits – optimum capacity \(Full utilisation where AC is at its minimum\) Monopolistic Competition Normal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) Oligopoly †¢ Normal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) †¢ Supernormal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) Monopoly †¢ Normal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) †¢ Supernormal profits – below optimum capacity \(Underutilisation where AC is falling\) Allocative Efficiency Allocative efficiency is attained where P=MC Allocative efficiency is NOT attained because PMC Allocative efficiency is NOT attained because PMC Allocative efficiency is NOT attained because PMC EXCEPT when the monopolist is practising first degree \(perfect\) price discrimination Productive Efficiency \(NEW vs OLD definition\) NEW: Productive efficiency is attained where profit-maximising level of output is at the LRAC OLD: Productive efficiency is attained where profit-maximising level of output is at the minimum LRAC NEW: Productive efficiency is attained where profit-maximising level of output is at the LRAC OLD: Productive efficiency is NOT attained because profit maximising level of output is falling LRAC \(underutilisation\) NEW: Productive efficiency is attained where profit-maximising level of output is at the LRAC OLD: Productive efficiency is NOT attained because profit maximising level of output is falling LRAC \(underutilisation\) NEW: Productive efficiency is attained where profit-maximising level of output is at the LRAC OLD: Productive efficiency is NOT attained because profit maximising level of output is falling LRAC \(underutilisation\) Distinction between Firm and Industry †¢ Industry consists of many small firms producing an identical product\." A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MARKET STRUCTURES Perfect Competition No. of Firms A large number, each being small. Monopolistic Competition A large number, each have some amount of market power. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison Between Market Structures or any similar topic only for you Order Now Oligopoly A small number, each being mutually interdependent. Monopoly Only one firm, possessing full control in the market. Size of Firms Small. Therefore each is a price taker. Relatively small but possessing some ability in setting price. Relatively big but bases its decision on other firms. Very large and is able to influence price or output but not both simultaneously. Nature of Product Homogeneous Differentiated Differentiated Unique Knowledge of Product Perfect knowledge of market by buyers and sellers Imperfect knowledge of market by buyers and sellers Imperfect knowledge of market by buyers and sellers Imperfect knowledge of market by buyers and sellers Barriers Free entry and exit from industry Free entry and exit from industry Barriers of entry and exit from industry Barriers of entry and exit from industry Mobility of Factors Perfect Mobility Perfect Mobility Imperfect Mobility Imperfect Mobility Extent of Price Control/Pricing Policy None by individual firms who take the market prevailing price Firms may either set price or output, constrained by its demand curve Firms may either set price or output, constrained by the actions of rival firms Firms may either set price or output, constrained by its demand curve Non-price Competition No advertising or other forms of promotion because of perfect competition †¢ Perfectly price elastic – each firm is a price taker because of all the above conditions †¢ D=P=AR=MR †¢ Price is constant at all levels of output †¢ The industry’s demand and supply determine the market price Advertising and other forms of promotion may take place Advertising and other forms of promotion may take place because of price rigidity †¢ Kinked demand curve – price rigidity exists because of all the above conditions †¢ D=AR and ARMR †¢ The oligoplistic firm determines the market price or output, taking into account its competitor’s reaction No advertising or other forms of promotion because of the absence of competition †¢ Relatively price inelastic – firm is a price setter because of all the above conditions †¢ D=AR and ARMR †¢ The monopolist determines the market price or output but not both simultaneously because it is constrained by the demand curve Demand Curve/Price Line/AR curve †¢ Relatively price elastic – each firm has some ability to set price because of all the above conditions †¢ D=AR and ARMR †¢ The monopolistically competitive firm determines the market price or output but not both simultaneously because it is constrained by the demand curve 1 Perfect Competition Relationship between the demand curves of the Firm and Industry Price Price S P2 D1 D2 D0 P0 P1 AR2 AR0 AR1 Monopolistic Competition Demand Curve of the Firm $ Oligopoly Demand Curve of the Firm $ Monopoly Demand Curve of the Firm / Industry $ P2 P0 P1 MR Quantity Firm Quantity AR=DD Quantity MR AR=DD Quantity MR AR=DD Quantity Q1 Q0 Q2 Industry TR Curve †¢ TR = P x Q †¢ Because P is constant, TR curve is a linear upward-sloping from left to right Revenue Curves under Perfect Competition $ $ 60 TR †¢ TR = P x Q †¢ Because P falls when Q rises, TR curve is an inverted U-shape Revenue Curves under Monopolistic Competition $ †¢ TR = P x Q †¢ Because P falls when Q rises, TR curve is an inverted U-shape Revenue Curves under Oligopoly $ TR = P x Q †¢ Because P falls when Q rises, TR curve is an inverted U-shape Revenue Curves under Monopoly $ 10 AR=MR=DD AR=DD Quantity $ AR=DD Quantity MR Quantity 6 Quantity $ MR AR=DD Quantity $ MR TR Quantity TR Quantity TR Quantity MR Curve †¢ Identical to P and AR, that is, D=P=AR=MR †¢ Constant †¢ MR is less than AR, with the gradient of the MR curve twice as steep as the AR curve (implying that the MR cuts the quantity axis at half the length at which the AR cuts the quantity axis) †¢ Downward sloping, that is, is falling as quantity increases MR is less than AR, with the gradient of the MR curve twice as steep as the AR curve (implying that the MR cuts the quantity axis at half the length at which the AR cuts the quantity axis) †¢ Downward sloping, that is, is falling as quantity increases †¢ Presence of a broken line, implying the presence of price rigidity †¢ MR is less than AR, with the gradient of the MR curve twice as steep as the AR curve (implying that the MR cuts the quantity axis at half the length at which the AR cuts the quantity axis) †¢ Downward sloping, that is, is falling as quantity increases 2 Perfect Competition MC/AC Curves †¢ U-shaped in SR because of Law of Diminishing Returns †¢ U-shaped in LR because of internal economies and diseconomies of scale Monopolistic Competition †¢ U-shaped in SR because of Law of Diminishing Returns †¢ U-shaped in LR because of internal economies and diseconomies of scale Oligopoly †¢ U-shaped in SR because of Law of Diminishing Returns †¢ U-shaped in LR because of internal economies and diseconomies of scale Monopoly †¢ U-shaped in SR because of Law of Diminishing Returns †¢ U-shaped in LR because of internal economies and diseconomies of scale Profit-maximising Condition †¢ MR = MC where MC is rising (revenue from the last unit of output is equal to the cost of producing the last unit, therefore marginal profit is equal to zero) †¢ Since MR=P(=D=AR), when MR=MC, P=MC †¢ When individual firms no longer reshuffle output †¢ When maximum profits are attained †¢ SR equilibrium conditions are fulfilled, and †¢ No entry of new firms and no exit of existing firms †¢ MR = MC where MC is rising (revenue from the last unit of output is equal to the cost of producing the last unit, therefore marginal profit is equal to zero) †¢ Since PMR, when MR=MC, PMC MR = MC where MC is rising (revenue from the last unit of output is equal to the cost of producing the last unit, therefore marginal profit is equal to zero) †¢ Since PMR, when MR=MC, PMC †¢ MR = MC where MC is rising (revenue from the last unit of output is equal to the cost of producing the last unit, therefore marginal profit is equ al to zero) †¢ Since PMR, when MR=MC, PMC Meaning of SR Equilibrium †¢ When individual firms no longer reshuffle output †¢ When maximum profits are attained †¢ SR equilibrium conditions are fulfilled, and †¢ No entry of new firms and no exit of existing firms When individual firms no longer reshuffle output †¢ When maximum profits are attained †¢ SR equilibrium conditions are fulfilled, and †¢ No entry of new firms and no exit of existing firms †¢ When individual firms no longer reshuffle output †¢ When maximum profits are attained †¢ SR equilibrium conditions are fulfilled, and †¢ No entry of new firms and no exit of existing firms Meaning of LR Equilibrium Profitability in SR †¢ Supernormal profits when the firm earns profits which are in excess of what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Supernormal Profits under Perfect Competition $ MC AC P0 Supernormal Profits †¢ Supernormal profits when the firm earns profits which are in excess of what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Supernormal Profits under Monopolistic Competition $ MC AC Supernormal Profits †¢ Supernormal profits when the firm earns profits which are in excess of what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Supernormal Profits under Oligopoly $ MC †¢ Supernormal profits when the firm earns profits which are in excess of what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Supernormal Profits under Monopoly $ MC AC Supernormal Profits AR=MR=DD P0 P0 AC Supernormal Profits P0 AR=DD MR Q0 Quantity Q0 Quantity Q0 MR AR=DD MR Quantity Q0 AR=DD Quantity 3 Perfect Competition †¢ Normal profits refers to that level of profits that is just sufficient to induce the firm to stay in the industry Normal Profits under Perfect Competition $ MC AC P0 AR=MR=DD Monopolistic Competition †¢ Normal profits refers to that level of profits that is just sufficient to induce the firm to stay in the industry Normal Profits under Monopolistic Competition $ MC AC P0 Oligopoly †¢ Normal profits refers to that level of profits that is just sufficient to induce the firm to stay in the industry Normal Profits under Oligopoly $ MC AC P0 Monopoly †¢ Normal profits refers to that level of profits that is just sufficient to induce the firm to stay in the industry Normal Profits under Monopoly $ MC AC P0 AR=DD MR Q0 Quantity Q0 Quantity Q0 MR AR=DD MR Quantity Q0 AR=DD Quantity †¢ Subnormal profits occur when the firm earns less profits than what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Subnormal Profits under Perfect Competition $ MC AC Subnormal profits occur when the firm earns less profits than what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Subnormal Profits under Monopolistic Competition $ AC MC Subnormal Profits †¢ Subnormal profits occur when the firm earns less profits than what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Subnormal Profits under Oligopoly $ MC AC Subnormal Profits †¢ Subnormal profits occur when the firm earns less profits than what is necessary to induce it to remain in the industry Subnormal Profits under Monopoly $ AC MC Subnormal Profits P0 Subnormal Profits AR=MR=DD P0 P0 P0 AR=DD MR Q0 Quantity Q0 Quantity Q0 MR AR=DD MR Quantity Q0 AR=DD Quantity Profitability in LR Necessarily makes normal profit because of free entry and exit from the industry †¢ Supernormal profits – beyond optimum capacity (Overutilisation where AC is rising) †¢ Normal profits – optimum capacity (Full utilisation where AC is at its minimum) †¢ Subnormal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) Necessarily makes normal profit because of free entry and exit from the industry †¢ Supernormal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) †¢ Normal profits – below capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) †¢ Subnormal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) Can be making either normal or supernormal profits because of the presence of entry to the industry †¢ Supernormal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) †¢ Normal profits – below capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) †¢ Subnormal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) Can be making either normal or supernormal profits because of the presence of entry to the industry †¢ Supernormal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) †¢ Normal profits – below capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) †¢ Subnormal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) Plant Utilisation in SR 4 Perfect Competition Plant Utilisation in LR Normal profits – optimum capacity (Full utilisation where AC is at its minimum) Monopolistic Competition Normal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) Oligopoly †¢ Normal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) †¢ Supernormal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) Monopoly †¢ Normal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) †¢ Supernormal profits – below optimum capacity (Underutilisation where AC is falling) Allocative Efficiency Allocative efficiency is attained where P=MC Allocative efficiency is NOT attained because PMC Allocative efficiency is NOT attained because PMC Allocative efficiency is NOT attained because PMC EXCEPT when the monopolist is practising first degree (perfect) price discrimination Productive Efficiency (NEW vs OLD definition) NEW: Productive efficiency is attained where profit-maximising level of output is at the LRAC OLD: Productive efficiency is attained where profit-maximising level of output is at the minimum LRAC NEW: Productive efficiency is attained where profit-maximising level of output is at the LRAC OLD: Productive efficiency is NOT attained because profit maximising level of output is falling LRAC (underutilisation) NEW: Productive efficiency is attained where profit-maximising level of output is at the LRAC OLD: Productive efficiency is NOT attained because profit maximising level of output is falling LRAC (underutilisation) NEW: Productive efficiency is attained where profit-maximising level of output is at the LRAC OLD: Productive efficiency is NOT attained because profit maximising level of output is falling LRAC (underutilisation) Distinction between Firm and Industry †¢ Industry consists of many small firms producing an identical product. Therefore, there exists a distinction between firms and industry †¢ Firm’s demand curve is perfectly elastic because it is a price taker; industry’s demand curve is downward sloping †¢ SHORT-RUN – Price ? Average Variable Cost (Total Revenue ? Total Variable Cost) †¢ LONG-RUN – Price ? Average Total Cost (Total Revenue ? Total Cost) The portion of MC curve that is above the average variable cost †¢ Industry consists of many relatively small firms producing differentiated products. Therefore, there exists a distinction between firms and industry †¢ Firm’s demand curve and the industry’s demand curve is both downward sloping Industry consists of a few large firms producing differentiated products. Therefore, there exists a distinction between firms and industry †¢ Firm’s demand curve and the industry’s demand curve is kinked implying the presence of price rigidity †¢ Industry consists of only one firm producing a unique product. Therefore, there exists NO distinction between firms and industry †¢ Firm’s demand curve is the industry’s demand curve and it is downward sloping Shut-down condition †¢ SHORT-RUN – Price ? Average Variable Cost (Total Revenue ? Total Variable Cost) †¢ LONG-RUN – Price ? Average Total Cost (Total Revenue ? Total Cost) Cannot be determined because there is no unique price to a quantity and viceversa †¢ SHORT-RUN – Price ? Average Variable Cost (Total Revenue ? Total Variable Cost) †¢ LONG-RUN – Price ? Average Total Cost (Total Revenue ? Total Cost) Cannot be determined because of the presence of price rigidity †¢ SHORT-RUN – Price ? Average Variable Cost (Total Revenue ? Total Variable Cost) †¢ LONG-RUN – Price ? Average Total Cost (Total Revenue ? Total Cost) Cannot be determined because there is no unique price to a quantity and viceversa Supply Curve in SR 5 How to cite Comparison Between Market Structures, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Doctrine Of Precedent Essay Research Paper This free essay sample

Doctrine Of Precedent Essay, Research Paper This essay outlines the manner in which tribunals use the system of case in point in make up ones minding instances. Different methods of law-making will be identified, and the authorization of Judgess to do Torahs will be described. It will province the operation of philosophy of case in point, including binding and persuasive case in point, every bit good as ratio decidendi and obiter pronouncement. Explained besides, is the jobs encountered with the philosophy of case in point and the methods available to get the better of case in point. Case jurisprudence is made by the Judgess in the tribunals either when a new instance is before them or when the justice interprets a legislative act. The tribunals are limited in their power to do jurisprudence, nevertheless, through the tribunal hierarchy and the philosophy of case in point. Judge-made Torahs are recorded determinations of Judgess that have been written down and collected over clip. There are two chief countries of judge-made Torahs. The first country is Common jurisprudence, which is judge-made jurisprudence in countries where no statute law applies, whilst the other country is Judicial Interpretation, which is justice made jurisprudence relating to the reading of the words used in statute law. A case in point is the determination of a tribunal that is used as an authorization for making the same determination in a ulterior instance. The regulation that similar instances should be decided in a similar manner International Relations and Security Network t the centre of our thought of justness. If people are to be treated every bit before the jurisprudence, so legal rules or past determinations must be followed and applied to later instances. There are rigorous regulations that guide Judgess in doing and using case in points. First if tribunals are to be consistent in the application of case in points, Judgess must cognize what earlier determinations are case in points. In other words, these determinations need to be recorded. Merely major instances are of all time recorded. Recorded instances, which contain some new development, are published in a lasting signifier known as jurisprudence studies. Law studies enter the judgement in a instance. This is a formal statement by the justice which gives the facts of the instance, the determination between the parties and the grounds given by the justice for the determination reached. This will frequently include a drawn-out treatment of other beginnings of information or other instances, which support the ground for the determination, which is known as the ratio decidendi, which will be discussed in more item further on in the essay. The philosophy of case in point is a set of rules regulating the manner in which tribunals must cover with instances they are make up ones minding. The philosophy is besides known as the philosophy of Stare Decisis. Let the determination base. The following paragraph explains the operation of philosophy of case in point. The philosophy of judicial case in point is at the bosom of the common jurisprudence system of rights and responsibilities, developed through determinations of the tribunals. The philosophy of case in point is of import because it allows for a system of entreaties, where by person who is dissatisfied with a determination can appeal to a higher tribunal. When a determination is reached, the ground for the determination bases and is portion of the jurisprudence that is adhering on, or guides the tribunals in ulterior instances. Consistency and predictability is promoted by the system of following old instances because it means that all instances are decided in a similar mode. The philosophy of case in point requires that similar instances be decided likewise. If a instance before the tribunal has facts and raises issues similar to those of a antecedently distinct instance, so the present instance will be decided in the same manner as the earlier one. In this manner, the earlier instance, referred to as a case in point will hold provided a legal footing on which the later instance and subsequent instances could be decided. By and large, lower tribunals are bound to follow the determinations of tribunals higher than them in the same hierarchy. The closely affiliated rule of the philosophy of case in point is defined as the policy of tribunals to stand by case in point and non to upset a settled point. Adhering case in point is a case in point that must be followed. A case in point will be considered to be adhering when the facts in the old instance are similar to the instance being considered by the justice, or the case in point was set by a higher tribunal in the same tribunal system. If a justice fails to use a binding case in point, that failure will supply the land for an entreaty. Merely the ratio decidendi of a instance is adhering. Obiter pronouncement are neer adhering. Decisions from other hierarchies or from a tribunal lower in the same hierarchy can move as persuasive case in point. This is influential on other tribunals but non adhering. In such a instance, a tribunal may be persuaded by the determination but it is non bound to follow it. In every tribunal instance the presiding justice is required to show to the tribunal a statement that outlines his or her judgement and the legal logical thinking behind that judgement. Within this judgement are two classs of statements of legal rule which must be considered. These are ratio decidendi, or ground for make up ones minding ; and obiter pronouncement, something said by the manner. Often it is hard to separate between the ratio and pronouncement within a judgement, which creates jobs for a justice trying to follow that rule. The ratio decidendi, the ground for make up ones minding, is the land or evidences upon which a instance was decided. The ratio is a proposition of jurisprudence that may do a peculiar instance a case in point for the hereafter. The ratio of a instance is deducted from an analysis of the facts of the instance and the written judgements of the Judgess. A ulterior tribunal will use the ratio, or regulation, when they use the earlier instance as a case in point. It is sometimes rather hard to work out what is the ratio of a instance. Where a figure of Judgess have heard a instance, they might hold reached the same decision but for really different grounds, or it might be hard to work out what facts each of the Judgess saw as of import to his or her determination. For illustration in Donoghue v Stevenson [ 1932 ] AC 562, the Judgess of the House of Lords were non consentaneous as to the issue of whether a maker would be responsible for the harm caused to a consumer through the careless production of a merchandise, in this instance a bottle of ginger beer. The bulk of their Lordships held that the maker was apt for negligent/careless production that caused harm to a consumer ( she became badly ) where the consumer used the merchandise in the mode intended by the maker ( she drank it ) . This duty or responsibility of attention existed even though the consumer had non straight purchased the merchandise from the manufacturer. Other members of the House of Lords required there to be a contractual relationship before the maker was apt. The ratio of this instance has been taken from the bulk position. Even though the instance dealt specifically with the production and ingestion of a bottle of ginger beer, the ratio or rule of the instance that emerges from the determination has a broader significance. The ratio of the instance could be stated as follows. A maker has a responsibility of attention to guarantee that what they produce will be safe to devour. Therefore, the ratio is the chief legal point that has to be decided. A helpful expression was suggested for the ratio decidendi. Suppose that in a certain instance, facts A, B and C exist, and say that the tribunal finds that facts B and C are material and fact A immaterial, and so reaches decision X ( e.g. judgement for the complainant, or judgement for the suspect ) . Then the philosophy of case in point enables us to state that in any future instance in which facts B and C exist, or in which facts A and B and C exist, the decision must be X. if in a future instance A, B, C and D exist, and the fact D is held to be material, the first instance will non be a direct authorization, though it may be of value as an analogy. Obiter pronouncement, a thing said by the manner, is a statement made by a justice of rules of jurisprudence which relate to conjectural facts, instead than to the peculiar facts of the instance being determined. Often, a justice raises relevant comparings or illustrations in obiter comments. An illustration of the difference between ratio and obiter is seen in Cohen v Sellar [ 1926 ] 1 KB 536. in that instance, the complainant and suspect were engaged to be married but the battle had come to an terminal. Both parties claimed to be entitled to the diamond battle pealing given by the suspect, Mr. Sellar, to the complainant, Miss Cohen. The justice held that the complainant, Miss Cohen, was entitled to maintain the ring, because the suspect, Mr Seller, had breached his promise to get married her. This was the ratio of the instance. The justice remarked that in instances where the adult female has refused to transport out her promise to get married, or an battle is broken off by common consent, the adult female is bound to return the battle ring to the adult male. These statements by the justice were obiter. There are many jobs involved with construing past determinations. The philosophy of case in point is basically rather simple, although it may be hard to follow established rules developed by tribunals in earlier instances. Judges and attorneies frequently encounter many jobs in following and using case in points. There are a figure of grounds for this. It is D ifficult to happen the ratio decidendi. A Judgess concluding judgement is normally rather drawn-out, incorporating many remarks and comments about the facts of the instance, mention to other instances, statements about what the justice considers might be or should be, every bit good as the grounds for the concluding determination. It may be hard to find what is obiter and what is the ratio of a instance. Some instances consist of multiple ratios. Most instances affecting a new case in point will be heard in a tribunal before a figure of Judgess, possibly three, five or seven Judgess. While the Judgess may hold on the concluding result of the instance, each justice may hold different grounds for that determination or legal sentiment. This makes it really hard to make up ones mind which is the cardinal rule of the instance. In some cases, one or more Judgess may dissent from the concluding determination. It becomes progressively hard to pull out the ratio in state of affairss where Judgess dissent or disagree with the concluding determinations. In some cases, a instance may hold more than one ratio, doing it necessary to give precedence to the more important and cardinal ratio of the instance. No two instances are precisely the same. There may be a figure of factual and legal similarities. Each instance has its ain distinctive features that distinguish it from earlier instances. Consequently, it may be hard to use rules established in one instance to a new set of fortunes or facts. The volume of jurisprudence and instances creates a trouble in turn uping the instance that will be most applicable to the 1 before the tribunal. Over clip, there may be a figure of instances affecting a peculiar country of jurisprudence, and happening the most appropriate instance may be hard. A justice or attorney may hold failed to follow all the relevant instance jurisprudence, or a peculiarly important instance, where the facts in inquiry are important. In some tribunals, case in points may conflict. Where a justice is faced with conflicting governments, a determination will hold to be made about which authorization to follow. Factors that may act upon this determination may be the position of the tribunal, position of the justice, the figure of Judgess presiding over the old instances, and whether subsequent tribunals have followed that determination. Many Judgess are loath to go from long-established case in points, even when the result of the instance before them would ensue in an unfairness. There may be jobs with taking history of all parties. Any determinations will necessitate to be reasoned one that considers the parties before the tribunal, any relevant yesteryear case in points, that the determination will stand up to any unfavorable judgment, and the consequence of the concluding result. In condemnable instances, the ultimate consequence of the determination may affect penalty or puting the individual free. Another job may be listening and groking all entries. While it is assumed that Judgess by their assignment are capable of this, it must be remembered that the legal issues that confront tribunals have become progressively complex, raising hard inquiries of jurisprudence, and may affect proficient affairs pertinent to a specialist country. Many instances may take yearss, hebdomads or months to be determined. When a case in point is adhering, a lower tribunal must follow that determination. However, the application of the philosophy of case in point is non every bit stiff as it appears. It is possible for the determinations established in the higher tribunals to be overcome, should the facts of the instance warrant it. There are several methods available to get the better of case in point. These methods are: overruling, change by reversaling, disapproving, and distinguishing. When a determination is adhering on a lower tribunal that determination must be followed. However, the instance can be appealed to a higher tribunal and, where the facts or fortunes have changed ; the case in point is out of day of the month or irrelevant for case, the higher tribunal can overturn the determination. This so creates a new case in point. Change by reversaling involves the same instance, foremost heard in the lower tribunal, and so heard on entreaty in a higher tribunal. The original determination is overturned, or reversed, puting aside the first legal rules in favor of the new rules. Disapproving is simply showing an unfavorable sentiment of a legal rule in an effort to oppugn the authorization of that rule. This method is peculiarly utile when a tribunal of lower or equal standing can non overturn or separate the recognized rule. Hopefully, the parties will appeal to the instance to a higher tribunal with the authorization to overturn the bing authorization. Distinguishing involves looking at the facts of the instance and happening stuff differences between them. Consequently tribunals lower in the hierarchy, of equal standing or higher in the hierarchy can get the better of an constituted legal rule. The justice must sketch where the facts are different and explicate why it would non be merely to use the bing legal rules to those facts. Rylands v Fletcher [ 1868 ] LR 3 HL 330 is an illustration of a instance that subsequent tribunals have sought to avoid by separating. In Rylands V Fletcher the suspect had constructed a reservoir on his land from which H2O escaped, doing the complainant s mine to inundation. The House of Lords held the suspect apt in amendss, on the land that individuals who accumulate things on their land which are likely to make mischief if they escape, must be purely apt if an flight occurs. The fact that the suspect was personally free from incrimination was held to be irrelevant. In Rylands V Fetcher the House of Lords established a new rule of tortious liability, which was perceived to run harshly. Much later, the High Court abolished this Rule in Rylands V Fletcher in the Australian context for this really ground. Fifty old ages after Rylands instance, in Rickards V Lothian [ 1913 ] AC 263 the complainant sought compensation on the footing of the regulation in Rylands V Fletcher. In Rickards V Lothian an flood from a H2O basin on the suspect s premises caused extended harm to the complainant s premises on the floor below. The Privy Council agreed with the complainant that the suspect had accumulated something on his land that was probably to make damage if it escaped ; that H2O had escaped and it had caused harm to the complainant s belongings. However, the tribunal besides found that an unknown 3rd party had stopped up the suspect s basin and turned on the pat. This unlawful intercession by a 3rd party, which had non occurred in Rylands V Fletcher, was a material fact upon which the case in point could non be distinguished. The suspect was held non apt for the flight of the H2O. In Australia, there is still a demand to keep the usage of the philosophy because it provides a degree of coherence and consistence in the jurisprudence and society. Many initiates believe that some of the recent determinations handed down by the High Court have departed from the Doctrine of Precedent, this could non be further from the instance. The tribunal has ever departed from case in point, in 1913 the High Court concluded that it could go from the case in point, and should such a proper instance arise, they would make so. When the High Court overrules adhering case in points, this does non propose a lessening in the usage of case in point as a rule. Some believe the philosophy of precedent brings inflexibleness and limits the tribunal s ability to follow rapid alterations in society. Such advantages are overridden by warrants of nonpartisanship and the proviso of certainty and stableness. Precedent besides underpins the function and public outlooks of Judgess as to their nonpa rtisanship and rigorous attachment to the jurisprudence. There are strong statements against the unrestrained power of the high tribunal to map in its originative capacity, as an extreme of this would endanger the usage of the Doctrine of Precedent. Unlike parliament, tribunals do non hold consultative commissions nor are they accountable for their determinations. However, in the terminal it is up to parliament to make up ones mind, through a system of cheques and balances inherent in the Australian system of authorities and jurisprudence. If parliament is dissatisfied with a determination of the high tribunal it can simply overturn its determination every bit long as it does non impeach upon the commissariats contained within the fundamental law. With the dynamic nature of the High Court as Australia s highest tribunal has come the demand for a alteration in the precedential stature of many of its past determinations from purely adhering to persuasive. The tribunals attachment to and usage of the philosophy of case in point as a cardinal rule of common jurisprudence has non decreased. The philosophy has encompassed both binding and persuasive determinations despite the accent upon those which are important. A system based on case in point will be rational, will be adaptative to varied and altering fortunes, will take into history all the assortments of human experience, will be extremely practical and will be composed by the finest heads of many coevalss, tuned to a all right balance and learned in the art of observing legal issues and deciding legal jobs. As the Court enters the following century, so excessively will the foundations upon which Australia became a state and with it, the beliefs of an full thaw pot of people ev ery bit diverse as the universe itself. 332

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Ethnicity and Health

Introduction A growing body of literature has pointed out that race, ethnicity and gender are characterized by strong social dimensions which greatly implicate on the health of individuals. It has been discovered that the underlying mechanisms within these ethnicities have profound influence not just on the access to primary, secondary and tertiary health care but also policies and general practices that affect the groups.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ethnicity and Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Practices and beliefs by the ethnicities could be attributed to some of the greatest variability in diseases. Dindyal and Dindyal (2004) define an ethnicity as â€Å"a social group, which shares certain distinctive features, such as language, culture, physical appearance, religion, values and customs† (p. 1). In the United Kingdom, the whole population is made up of 92% whites. This includes ot her whites who are significant but non British like the Irish. Asians and Asian Britons account for 4% of Britain population while blacks and black Britons account for a further 2%. Britons of mixed descent account for 1.5% of the whole population. Although the percentages might look negligible, the total population represented by them could be extremely large. Considering that the government has, as its objective, the idea of ensuring that there is equity in health care access and provision, it is necessary that the underlying social mechanisms are understood in order to avoid some retrogressive practices that would lead to inequality. In order to come up with proper policies, it is important to ascertain whether ethnicity plays a role in inequality of health care access. Review of the Literature The Parliament Office of Science and Technology (2003) clearly argues that there is a great disparity of health and health care between ethnicities. In their report, it was identified that South Asians living in the United Kingdom had a 50% chance of suffering from heart attack and angina. On the other hand, men from the Caribbean origin in the United Kingdom run the highest risk of 50% of dying from stroke. In their report, it was ascertained that blacks and minorities had comparatively small chances of dying from cancer as compared to the white majority. According to the report, immigrant women from Asia in the United Kingdom ran a comparatively lower risk of suffering from breast cancer as compared women born and brought up in the United Kingdom. The trend in lower cases of cancer in minority groups as compared to white Britons was attributed to less smoking. The highest deaths that resulted from lung cancer were established to be from Scots and the Irish who are also found out to be great smokers. The lifestyle of women in the United Kingdom was also attributed to women’s death from breast cancer. Immigrant women had less chances of suffering from breast c ancer because they take some time to adapt to Britain lifestyle. This was consistent with Wells and Evans (2003) and Ku and Waidmann (2003) findings.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Adamson (2009) argues that socio economic factors contribute to inequality of health and health care. He argues that the lower the position on the economic ladder an individual is, the higher the chances of poor health. Unfortunately, most of the ethnic minorities tend to have the lowest incomes in the United Kingdom. This means that ethnic minorities are likely to suffer and die from diseases that they would easily control (Kuo 2001). In a study carried out on the immediacy of need for health care concerning chest pain and vignettes, it was found out that black respondents were very likely to seek for immediate health care seeking to get assistance for vignettes. On the other hand, the Br itish whites were the most unlikely to seek for this help. The result seemed consistent in several cases. This position is echoed by Lorant and Bhopal (2011) and Zimmermann, Wendy and Fix (1998) who also argue that socio economic disadvantage could lead to inability to get regular visits by the doctor. Furthermore, it would lead to inability to use the clinics regularly and the inability to purchase proper prescribed drugs. This therefore indicated that there is a clear disparity within ethnic groups. This assertion is also echoed by Fiscella, Franks, Doescher and Saver (2002) Health insurance plays an important role in ensuring access to primary, secondary and tertiary health care. Inability or unwillingness to get insured would therefore lead to disparities in health and health care. Ku and Waidmann (2003) and Mai, Cummings McIntyre (2004) argue that most of the ethnic minorities account for the highest percentages of uninsured people in several countries. As argued above, socio e conomic factors contribute to inequality of health. This is where insurance comes to question. With poverty and lack of money, it is clear that raising money for the expensive insurance could be a problem for most of the ethnic minorities. This also explains why less white Britons would die from diseases that are curable. They have enough money to seek for care from good providers. Similarly, Adamson (2003) and American Academy of Pediatrics (2000) support the same findings. Discrimination and stereotyping are also factors that lead to inequality in health and healthcare. According to Lorant and Bhopal (2011), acts of discrimination and stereotyping could subject a group of people to a low social economic status. This can also be as a result of strongly held values that tend to demean and prejudice certain ethnicities. Dealing with a case using a block approach as opposed to individuals leads to poor health for minorities. For instance, just believing that cancer is a disease for th e Irish and Scots might lead to misdiagnosis. Every individual needs to be examined as an individual (Collins, Hall and Neuhaus 1999; Ku and Matani. 2001).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ethnicity and Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Power, Davis, Plant and Kjellstrom (2009) in their report on deprivation and ill health highlight a clear fact that people living in deprived environments are most likely to have poor health. Given that several studies have pointed out the fact that minority ethnicities tend to rank lowest on the economic ladder, it then suffices to argue that they account for the highest population living in dejected and overpopulated regions in the cities in the Britain. Considering the arguments by Power et al (2009), â€Å"Living in deprived urban areas increases the risk of poor health outcomes even after controlling for individual characteristics† (p. 20), it suffices t o argue that even when other factors are controlled, dilapidated housing and overcrowding in their own rights are able to lead to poor health. For instance, their study pointed out to the fact that men living in poverty stricken neighborhoods had a 6.8% lower life expectancy as compared to the average in the United Kingdom. On the other hand, women from similar environs had 5% lower life expectance as compared to the overall rate of Britain. In contrast, men from high economy areas stand a high likelihood of living 4% more than the national average. Women in similar regions live run a likelihood of living 3% more than the average national life expectancy rate (Shaw, Smith Dorling 2005; Popkin and Cove 2007). Propositions Given the purpose of this study, it is necessary to answer certain questions in order to ensure that one attains the objective. In order to succeed, one would have to understand several factors. Is there a clear relationship between ethnicities and health? This que stion is necessary because consistent differences between ethnicities will ascertain whether there are significant effects of ethnicity on health and health outcomes of an individual. My proposition here is that ethnicity has certain social dimensions that affect greatly the health of individuals in Great Britain. Given that there are substantial differences in health and health care between ethnicities, it is necessary to identify the underlying mechanisms and dimensions that lead to these differences. In this line, one question arises, what exactly are the social mechanisms within the minorities that lead to the identified disparity? This is a necessary question because by understanding the social dimensions, the causes of the differences will clearly be established. My proposition here is that factors like socio economic status, geographical location, deprivation of all kinds, ability to get an insurance and discrimination and stereotyping among others are factors that greatly co ntribute to differences in health and health outcomes. There are some factors that would act to disadvantage some ethnicities. Their effects are hence great and could alter the results of a study. This leads to the question, if all the other factors are removed, can ethnicity as a single factor still exhibit similar results?Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These factors that expect to be put constant here are education, government policies, et cetera. The proposition here is that even when other factors like education and some government policies are constant, some typical ethnicity social dimensions would still lead to disparities in health and health outcomes. Finally, it is important to understand the role of government policies in health outcomes of individuals. This leads to the question, have government policies played any role in pushing the minorities further into misery as pertains to health? While this might not be a characteristic of health disparity from the ethnicities themselves, the effect on them is great. The hypothesis on this question is that certain government policies could assist to bridge the disparity or widen it further. Expected Outcomes As its hypothesis, this paper seeks to argue that ethnicities have varying levels of health and health care. Due to their characteristic outfit, certain ethnicities tend to h ave better health as compared to others. Whites in the United Kingdom tend to fair better in health issues as compared to ethnic minorities like the blacks and Asians. The disparity is as a result of the ethnic group’s level on the economic status ladder, discrimination caused by stereotyping, natural habits of the ethnicity i.e. smoking and excessive drinking, geographical regions of settlement of these ethnicities, nationality status i.e. native or immigrant et cetera. There are some factors that can be removed from the equation. However, some factors are typical of most of the ethnicities. For instance, language as a barrier to communication cannot be removed from the equation. It is clear that most immigrants are forced to struggle against the hurdles of communication in order to attain health. This means that removing other factors but maintaining the real characteristics of an ethnicity could still lead to the same results. Finally, it is clear that certain government p olicies push ethnicities further into poor health. For instance, failure of the government to address the issue of insurance and medical cover can lead to problems to minority ethnicities. Research Design The methodology of this research will entail the use of several ethnic groups as independent variables. There will be the whites of United Kingdom descent, the blacks from Britain, the Asians from Britain and the immigrants. In order to understand whether there is a relationship between ethnicities and health, different ethnicities will be analyzed based on a given area of health. For instance, routine check ups would be the point of comparison. As a result, the ethnicities will be the variables to be manipulated. This will be labeled t1= whites, t2= Asians of British descent t3= blacks of UK descent and t4= immigrants. Other variables will include government policies. The non-constant variables will be tested under certain government policies and also after removal of those polici es to see whether the results remain constant. Indicators of health will be the number of times that a respondent has had to be hospitalized due to any serious illness. This will be a good start in determining disparities in health and health care. To determine this, the respondents will have to respond to the question, how many times have you visited the doctor as a result of serious illness in the last twelve months? The responses will be coded 0 = less than five times, 1 = 510, 2 = 10. Another indicator of good health will be availability of health insurance. The measures of health insurance will be 1) having a private insurance, 2) depending on government programs and 3) having none at all. To identify whether a respondent has an insurance cover or not the responses will be coded as 0 = yes and 1 = No. For those who will have one, they will have to respond on the type of insurance that they have. The responses will be coded using 0 = private and 1 = government program. To get da ta from this sample, the study will employ the use of interviews and questionnaires. Respondents will be asked to respond to a set of questions that would aim towards ensuring that the research purpose is arrived at. The interviews will be carried out from the respondents’ offices. In addition, some will be carried out on the phone and through emails. In data analysis, the Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) will be used. This system of data analysis is favorable for this study because it involves more than two dependent variables that are to be assessed against the various dependent variables. This data analysis system is best fit for studies that are aimed at ascertaining whether alterations in the independent variables have significant changes to the dependent variables. It is also the most advisable method if the study intends to identify the relationship between the dependent variables and also the relationship among the independent variables. Limitations Like any other research, this one is also bound to have its limitations. The main limitation of this study will be ascertaining whether the identified factors and mechanisms within the ethnic groups were really the main causes of the disparity in health outcomes. For instance, a study carried earlier in Europe to identify whether socio economic status among minority ethnicities had effects on their health. However, it was not clear because the effect of socio economic status was found to have no effect on inequality of health in Spain. In addition, different ethnic groups under similar socio economic status tend to exhibit differences in the level of disparity. Therefore, it will be difficult to separate ethnicity and some factors like socio economic status. The relationship between the three will be tricky to separate and analyze. Significance of the Study It is clear that every country in the world has been trying hard to ensure equality in health and health care. This is also a goal of t he United Nations. By understanding the social mechanisms within an ethnicity and how these affect the health of an individual, it will be easy for the policy makers to come up with practical and functional policies that will assist the governments attain their goal of equal health for their citizens. In this case, the United Kingdom will have the opportunity to develop good policies that will assist them ensure that every citizen in Britain has access to proper health. References Adamson, Joy. 2003. â€Å"Ethnicity, socio-economic position and gender—do they affect reported health—care seeking behavior?† Social Science Medicine 57: 895. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2000. â€Å"Race/Ethnicity, Gender, Socioeconomic Status Research Exploring Their Effects on Child Health: A Subject Review.† Pediatrics 106: 1349-1351. Collins, Karen, Allison Hall, and Charlotte Neuhaus. 1999. U.S. Minority Health: A Chartbook, New York: Commonwealth Fund. Dindyal, Shiva and Dindyal, Sanjay. 2004. â€Å"How Personal Factors Including Culture and Ethnicity, affect the Choices and Selection of Food we Make.† The Internet Journal of Third World Medicine 1: 1-5. Fiscella, Kevin, Peter Franks, Mark Doescher, and Barry Saver. 2002. â€Å"Disparities in Health Care by Race, Ethnicity and Language among the Insured: Findings from a National Sample.† Medical Care 40(1): 52-9. Ku, Leighton and Sheetal Matani. 2001. â€Å"Left Out: Immigrants’ Access to Health Care and Insurance.† Health Affairs 20(1): 247-56. Ku, Leighton and Waidmann, Timothy. 2003. How Race/Ethnicity, Immigration Status and Language Affect Health Insurance Coverage, Access to Care and Quality of Care among the Low income Population. The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the uninsured. Web. Kuo, Frances. 2001. â€Å"Coping with poverty: impacts of environment and attention in the inner city.† Environment and Behaviour 33: 5-34. Lorant, Vincent and Bhopal, Raj. 2010. â€Å"Ethnicity, socio-economic status and health research: insights from and implications of Charles Tilly’s theory of Durable Inequality.† Journal of Epidemiol Community Health 7: 1-5. Parliamentary Office of Science and technology. 2009. Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England post-2010 Task Group 4. The Built Environment and Health Inequalities. Final Report 12 June 2009. Popkin, Susan Cove, Elizabeth. 2007. Safety is the most important thing. How HOPE VI Helped Families. Washington DC: Urban Institute. Shaw, Mary, Davey Smith Danny Dorling. 2005. â€Å"Health inequalities and New Labor: how the promises compare with real progress† Business Management Journal  330: 1016-1021. Stafford, Mai, Steven Cummings Sally Macintyre. 2004. Gender differences in the association between health and neighborhood environment.† Social Science Medicine 60: 1681-1692. Timperio, Anna, David Crawford, Amanda Telford Jo Salmon. 2003. â€Å"Perc eptions about the local neighbourhood and walking and cycling among children.† Preventative Medicine 38: 39-47. Wells, Nancy and Gary Evans. 2003. Nearby Nature; A buffer of life stress among Rural Children. Environment and Behaviour 35(3): 311-330. Zimmermann, Wendy. and Michael Fix. 1998. Declining Immigrant Applications for Medi-Cal and Welfare Benefits in Los Angeles County. Los Angeles: Urban Institute. This research paper on Ethnicity and Health was written and submitted by user Gemma Bell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Work Family Issue

Work Family Issue Introduction The most important asset of an organization is its workforce; the organization would therefore ensure that it fulfills the needs of the workers to enable that they work effectively for the benefit of the organization. On the other hand, the most important factor that affects productivity of the workers is their motivation. Generally, highly motivated workers would have high productivity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Work Family Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, if a company were able to effectively motivate the workers while giving them the necessary incentives, the workers would be loyal to the company, while employee turnover would reduce drastically. Organizations therefore having policies that facilitate the working of the employees, rather than to control their actions, as happy employees would be able to function effectively (Halpern Murphy, 2005, p. 68) Different org anizations have different methods of motivating their employees to enhance productivity. Some organizations have a scheme ensuring that the high performing employees are rewarded (reward based performance appraisal) while denying some of the benefits to the employees who fail to meet their set targets (Grote, 1996, p. 348). In addition, companies have ensured implementation of policies, which not only consider employee who works in the company, but take a holistic approach that takes into consideration the employee as an individual who faces different other pressures related to his/her personal and domestic life (Hacket, 1998). Most organizations therefore have a family work policy that caters for the needs of employees and ensures that there is no conflict between the employees’ job and their family needs or requirements. This policy does not only target employees who have children but also employees who do not have children (Rosenbloom, 2005, p. 423). Even the US government considers the policy vital in the productivity of employees such that it allocates a certain amount of money in its annual budget to cater for family work policy of different states (Washington family leave coalition, 2010, p. 1). The work family policies of governments vary from giving cash incentive to the parents who have children, provision of care to the children or allocating leave allowance to the parents of the children in question (Lewis, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theory Motivation and morale of the employees undoubtedly affects their productivity. These two lead to increased job satisfaction and loyalty of the employees. Organizations therefore take the issue of motivation of the employees very seriously. There are many different theories that are used to explain the motivation of individuals. These theories include: Jeremy Bentham ’s â€Å"the carrot and stick† motivation theory Abraham Maslow’s â€Å"need hierarchy† motivation theory Douglas McGregor â€Å"theory X and theory Y† motivation theory Vroom’s â€Å"Valence x Expectancy† motivation Theory However, the mostly widely accepted motivation theory is the Maslow’s â€Å"need hierarchy† motivation theory. This theory was put forward by Abraham Maslow, a psychologist, who was of the perception that the needs of individuals form a hierarchy, ascending from the lowest to the highest. Maslow was of the view that when a set of needs is satisfied, it stops being a motivator to the individual. According to this theory, the needs of individuals are as follows Physiological needs Generally, every person will primarily seek to satisfy basic needs, which are normally vital for human life sustenance; they include food, water, shelter, clothing, education, and healthcare. Maslow was of the perception that , until these needs are met, no other motivation factors can be effective (Shah Shah, n.d., part 3). Organizations therefore ensure that these needs are met to enable the employees to function effectively. Organizations would therefore provide housing, education, and healthcare to both the employee and members of his/her family. Security or safety needs Following the satisfaction of physiological needs, a person will seek to be secure physically, psychologically and emotionally. In this case, a person needs â€Å"to be free of physical danger and loosing a job, food or shelter† and protection against any emotional harm (Shah Shah, n.d., part 3). Organizations would therefore try to take several measures to ensure that the job of the employees is secure to enable them to be fully motivated. Social needs This refers to the social needs of acceptance, affection, and friendship (Shah Shah, n.d., part 3). To facilitate this, organizations ensure that they involve the employees and members of their families in various social functions some of which may not be work related to make the employees and their families have a sense of belonging to the organization.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Work Family Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Esteem needs This refers to the need to be held in high esteem by both themselves and other people. This need usually arises after the person has satisfied the need to belong. This need produces satisfaction, prestige status, and self-confidence, all of which are very important to employees (Shah Shah, n.d., part 3). Organizations usually have put in place measures that ensure employees who perform better are promoted to increase their self-esteem and enable them to have better productivity. Need for self-actualization According to Maslow, this is the highest need, and it refers to the internal drive, which makes one to achieve full potential a nd self-fulfillment and aspire to become what one is destined to be (Shah Shah, n.d., part 3). This is the most important aspect that ensures the productivity of employees. All the measures that are taken by the company are to enable self-actualization of the employees, which would make them to have productivity at their best possible levels for the benefit of the organization and the employees themselves. Most managers ensure that motivation of employees is intrinsic as opposed to being extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the person and is therefore stronger. The managers generally provide conditions that ensure employees motivate themselves. Extrinsic motivation is the motivation where the managers try to motivate the employees through different mechanisms and is generally not as strong as intrinsic motivation, as it is difficult to know what motivates each individual (Employee Motivation in the Workplace: Different Types of Motivation Theories Part 3, 2009) Literat ure There has been a general argument by many experts involved in the field of management that companies need to put in place family responsive programs to enable them retain and attract highly qualified employees for competitive advantage building. Work family conflict has been shown by research to lead into decreased productivity of the employees, loss of work time, absenteeism, job dissatisfaction, and poor morale.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, work family conflict may also lead to other family related issues such as poor parenting and depression (Brush, 1993; O’Laughlin Bischoff, 2005, p. 80). Hence, tensions between work and home life increases stress and are generally bad to the employer, employees, and their families (Kolb, Williams Frohlinger, 2009). Most people used to believe that family work issues are mainly a problem that mainly concerns women. However, organizations are slowly starting to realize that work family issues are not only concerned with the women in their staff, but it also involves men. These organizations have therefore put in place programs that would help in the reduction of work family stress to ensure optimal productivity of their employees (Worell, 2001, p. 1183). There are usually several work/family conflicts that have been shown to affect the work/family life of the employees of an organization. One such conflict is the time-based conflict, which occurs when the time pr essures required to fulfill a certain role make it impossible for a person to fulfill another role. These roles are mainly between work and family. Time-based conflict occurs mostly if the number of hours an employee is required to work in an organization to have good productivity are so many such that they deny the employee time to cater for the family related issues. Another type of conflict is the strain-based conflict, referring to a conflict in which stress of a certain role performed by the employee affects the performance of duties in another field. This strain is most common in professions that require an individual to perform several different tasks. An example is in the field of academia where lecturers engage in teaching, research, service and sometimes even private consultation i.e. private practice. This leads to the creation of family stress in the particular employee’s family. The last type of conflict is the behavior-based conflict, which occurs when the behav iors supposed to be exhibited while performing a certain role conflict with the behaviors of another role performed by the same individual. A good example of the occurrence of behavior-based conflict is when an employee works from home. The focus and energy that the employee requires in order to accomplish the work expectations is liable to conflict with the demand for attention from the children and/or spouses (Williams Alliger 1991, from: O’Laughlin Bischoff, 2005, p, 80). Models of work family issues To determine how work/family issues affect employees, different models and perspectives can be used. The models used mainly focus on the following Job type characteristics: this mainly concerns the flexibility of the job and personal control of the employee. Individual characteristics: this concerns the level of commitment and satisfaction towards the roles of parenting or the work, which the individual performs. Quantitative factors: this is mainly concerned with the time, which an individual spends catering to wok related issues, or time that he has to meet parenting or household needs (O’Laughlin Bischoff, 2005, p. 81). However, various scholars have suggested that time demands does not primarily predict the work family stress. The role of strain and work family issues have been explained to be as a result of a person being overly committed to one role while neglecting the other, hence leading to the strain in the neglected field. Greater commitment in the specific field makes the individual dedicate most of the time to the specific field hence making him/her to have less time for the performance of other roles, leading to poor performance of the neglected role (O’Laughlin Bischoff, 2005, p. 81). In most situations, the neglect is mainly in the family roles of the employees hence leading to the strain by the members of the family. The rational method clearly explains work/family related stress. According to this model, employees ma y spend many hours in meetings or at their work place to the detriment of the family roles that the employee must perform. The greater investment result in stress is one field. This type of stress is most common in women employees who are in high control positions, as they are unable to meet their domestic obligations (O’Laughlin Bischoff, 2005, p. 81). This paper will discuss work family issues of the employees of Microsoft, the global leader in computer software development. The company has among the most flexible employment opportunities available to its employees, making the company to be ranked among the 100 best employers by the Fortune magazine (Erb, 2011). The employees can work from home, design their own offices, schedule their own leaves, and have access to unlimited broadband connection if they live within the campus of the company. The company considers the work family issues a very important aspect, which ultimately determines the productivity of its employees. This paper will consider work family issues of the employees of both genders so as to get a clear picture of the work family issues of the employees. In addition, the paper will also consider the employees in different ranks within the organization as they are usually exposed to different working condition. Method To get a clear understanding of family work issues, questionnaires that were posted in the company website regarding the same were analyzed. The questionnaires were answered by employees in all the ranks of the company. An analysis of a sample that contained 200 employees, 100 of who were female was made. The employees questioned ranged in rank from the software programmers to the people who were involved in the management affairs of the company. The analysis of the results was clustered into two; gender of the employee and the rank of the employee in the organization, as this would give a clear picture of the work family issues. In addition, the respondents included both the employees who were living in the company’s quarters and those who were living outside the company quarters. Nevertheless, all the respondents asked the questionnaires were either married or parents as these are the people who are mainly affected by family work issues. The following questionnaires were posed to the employees of Microsoft via the company website. Have you ever been absent from work due to family related issues? Do you think that your job is affecting your parenting or family related issues? Does your spouse complain that you are spending too much time working from the office? Have you ever worked from home? If yes how often do you work from home? What reasons made you work from home? Do you prefer working from home? Does working from home affect your parenting abilities? Does your spouse complain you are neglecting your parenting or family roles due to working from home? Have you ever worked while you were on a family holiday? If yes was it due to pressur es on work which you knew was awaiting you or were you doing it simply because you loved the work? Have you ever requested leave to attend to family matters? If yes, were you granted the leave or not? Which company practice do you think takes into consideration the work family issues of the employees? Has the company ever involved you and your family in its social activities? How many hours do you have to engage in family or private matters? Does your boss complain that your family issues are interfering so much with your work? Does your work hinder you from performing certain family issues, which in your opinion are very necessary? Does more time to spend with your family enable you to perform your duties effectively or does it hinder you from performing you duties and produce the desired results? In your opinion, do work family issues affect your productivity? Do you think the company is doing enough to address the work family issues of the employees? If yes, does the knowledge th at the company caters for your work family issues give you motivation in your work? Do you think that having a family work policy is a privilege to the employees or do you think it is a right, which the employer must grant the employee? Results The results were presented in two different parts. The first part of the results showed work family issues based on gender of the employees whereas the second part of the results was on family work issues based on the position of employees in the company. Similar answers were clustered into one group and an analysis of the results was made based on the answers, which were most common among the employees of the company. Effects of family work issues on productivity Most of the respondents were of the view that family issues affect their productivity. In fact, almost all the respondents had missed a few days of work to attend to family issues. The employees who were mostly affected by family issues were women as they were generally considered to have the highest responsibility in catering for children. Single parents faced the most work/family related stress. The ability of the company to cater for their family issues in the employees working time made most of the employees feel motivated and loyal to the company. Most of the respondents praised the flexibility of working hours that the company offers, with the ability to work remotely from home being wide regarded as a factor that made many employees to have high productivity. However, the ability to work from home made spouses or children of most respondents to complain that they were spending less time with their family. This was made even worse by the fact that, in some cases, employees were transferring work from their office to home, making them to work even during family times. The tendency of the company to evaluate the performance of employees based on their output rather than time spent behind their desks was regarded by most of the respondents as the practice that made the employees to have time to cater for family issues. Hence, most of the employees were able to attend to family issues, which they regarded as important provided that they could create time to complete their office work. Work/family policy a right or a privilege Most of employees were of the view that the company ought to have a work family policy. The policy was not necessary a privilege to the employees. However, certain features of the work family policy enabled employees to cater for their individual needs and to have better job satisfaction. In fact, almost all the respondents were of the view that the work family policy affects their loyalty to the company. The good work family policy of the company was a motivating factor to the employees just like higher pay or recognition for achievements of the employees. Work/ family issues and employee position The position of employees was regarded as the factor that increased work/family related stress. Workers who were gen erally in higher management positions were generally under more work related stress due to the higher responsibility associated with the positions. Employee who faced the most work related stress were women who were in higher management positions. Single parents who had children in their teenage years faced the highest work/related stress, as they had to juggle between parenting responsibilities and job responsibilities bestowed upon them due to their position. Discussion The results underpin the importance of work family issues for employees and the human resource managers of most organizations. Work family issues are mainly significant if the employees of a company are mostly married or have children. Microsoft was initially a company that was mainly made up of employees who were in their twenties. However, there has been a general shift in the average age of employees of the company. Most of the employees of the company are now in their thirties. This facilitated the company to b e responsive to the family work issues, as most employees in this age group have children or are married (Work-life balance newsletter, 2004, p. 4). In addition, the company does not judge the work of the employees based on the time they spend in the office i.e. the employees do work by the clock. The flexibility of the working of Microsoft enables the employees of the company to manage their work to fit their individual needs. Employees can therefore create their own working patterns. In addition, employees are given the flexibility of scheduling their own appointments to a time which best suits them (DTI, 2004, p.14). Thus, employees are able to schedule their own time to cater for family or personal issues without having to ask for formal permission or undergo the long bureaucratic process of asking for leave, which is present in most companies. The knowledge that the company caters for the work family issues of the employees makes most of the employees to be motivated and hence enabling them to perform at their very best. Among the most important aspects that help in motivation of the employees was the fulfillment of their needs. By fulfilling some of the needs of the employees the company was able motivate the employees and have them performing at their very best. The factor that mostly catered work/family issues of the employees was the flexibility in the working hours of the employees. The company generally uses its work family policy to intrinsically motivate the employees and therefore ensure that they have high productivity. Conclusion It is obvious that most of the employees in companies involved in highly specialized activities are usually at the stage in their life where family issues affect them to a very high extent. Work family issues significant affect the productivity of the employees. Human resource managers of various organizations have come to this realization and have therefore ensured that the company puts in place policies that cater fo r the work family issues of the employees to prevent the employees working under undue stress, which may be created by either of the two. Family work policy is regarded by most of the employees as a factor, which largely influences their decision to work in a certain company. Companies that have good family work policies are able to have their employees working at their highest productivity level are also able to retain the employees. References Anon. (2004). Creating solutions for work-life balance. Work-life balance newsletter. Retrieved from dol.govt.nz/PDFs/WLB%20newsletter%200403.pdf. Anon. (2009). Employee Motivation in the Workplace: Different Types of Motivation Theories Part 3. Compensation today. Retrieved from http://blogs.payscale.com/compensation/2009/07/different-types-of-motivation-theories.html. Brush, C. C. (1993). Attitudes toward work-family issues: the human resource professional perspective. Review of business. Retrieved from allbusiness.com/human-resources/4164 91-1.html. DTI. (2004). Fathers-to-be and antenatal appointments a good practice guide. Department of trade and industry. Retrieved from: berr.gov.uk/files/file20795.pdf Erb, G. (2011). 7 Northwest companies listed among Fortunes 100 best employers. Buget sound business journal. Retrieved from: bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/2011/01/northwest-companies-named-best-employers.html. Grote, R. C. (1996). The complete guide to performance appraisal. NY: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com/books?id=spAY7_nLHcwCpg=PA348dq=reward+based+appraisalhl=enei=itFYTYCFMsyW4gaD5uyEBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=reward%20based%20appraisalf=false Hackett, G. (1998). Balance work, family issues to boost productivity. Portland Business Journal. Retrieved from: bizjournals.com/portland/stories/1998/03/30/focus12.html Halpern, D. F. Murphy, S. E. (2005). From work-family balance to work-family interaction: changing the metaphor. New Jersey : Elsevier. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com/books?id=tZ3dcdryT7ICprintsec=frontcoverdq=work+family+balancehl=enei=muhYTcPxGMiHhQe8vrTiDAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. Kolb, D. M., Williams, J. Frohlinger, C. (2009). Negotiating work family issues. Womens media. Retrieved from womensmedia.com/balance/113-negotiating-work-family-issues.html. Lewis, J. (2009). Work-family balance, gender and policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn0_2ofBpBYCprintsec=frontcoverdq=importance+of+work+family+policysource=blots=diLz4EUeHksig=cwOi2iJF8FwMSRddc82gnoHnZbMhl=enei=YuFYTZ3ZIo22hAeFs7GcDAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CFQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepageq=importance%20of%20work%20family%20policyf=false O’laughlin, E. M. Bischoff, L. G. (2005). Balancing Parenthood and Academia: Work/Family Stress as Influenced by Gender and Tenure Status. Journal of Family Issues, 26; 79. Retrieved from http: //web.bgu.ac.il/NR/rdonlyres/D5BB74A3-0AB5-4237-AA1D-E0039B0547EF/34691/BalancingParenthoodandAcademiaworkfamilystressasin.pdf. Rosenbloom, J. S. (2005). The handbook of employee benefits: design, funding, and administration. NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Shah, K shah, P. J. (n.d.). Theories of Motivation. Lay networks. Retrieved from: laynetworks.com/Theories-of-Motivation.html. Washington family leave coalition. (2010). Work/Family Issues in Congress. Washington. Retrieved from policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/95815.pdf. Worell, J. (2001). Encyclopedia of women and gender: sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender, Volume 1. London: Elsevier.