History and Social Sciences Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History and Social Sciences - Term Paper Example Provide a detailed description of the hunter-gatherer societies while including the development of early tools and the subsequent use of fire.  Provide a detailed description of the hunter-gatherer societies while including the development of early tools and the subsequent use of fire.  1.2. Question 2Provide a detailed description of the evolution of language and written forms of language.  1.3. Question 3Why was slash and burn agriculture practiced by the Stone Age people?A. To fulfill spiritual beliefs. To ease irrigation. To scare away wild animals  D. To clear land in readiness for farming  2. The constitution of the United States of America and the Early Republic2.1. Question 1Analyze the manner in which the American Revolution affected France.  2.2. Question 2Compare the lives and different opportunities for the free black Americans living in the north to those of free black Americans that lived in the south.  2.3. Question 3On what did the writers of the constit ution base their ideas while writing the legislative branch?A. Congress of Vienna. Council of Trent  C. English Parliament  D. French Estates General3. The civil wars and their aftermath  Provide a detailed discussion of the abolition of the slave trade in the United States of America.Provide a list of the original objectives of reconstruction and give a detailed description of the effects it had on social and political structures.  During the periods following the American Revolution, the constitutions of most Northern states called for†¦A. Adoption of a state religion. Gradual elimination of slavery  C. Obliteration of state property taxes  

Brand Loyalty - Thesis Proposal Essay Example for Free

Brand Loyalty Thesis Proposal Essay The current financial crisis has spread around the world and no consumer has stayed untouched. In economic downturns, consumers are trying to better manage their expenses due to uncertainty for the future. In such cases, their brand loyalty might be shaken. Especially for UK consumers, whose purchasing power is lower than the other nations, the situation in the beginning of 2010 seems to be much more difficult. Hence, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of the current recession on UK consumers’ brand loyalty. A quantitative method will be employed and the empirical data will be collected through questionnaire survey with a sample of fifty UK consumers from the area of Thessaloniki. The questionnaire survey will be distributed to different people regardless of age and demographic characteristics, backgrounds and attitudes. The results of the study will aim to show that not all consumers’ brand loyalty has been shaken the same by the recession but some types of consumers were more affected compared to others. Furthermore, the research will aim to indicate that brand loyalty varies over products so some product and service categories lost a big part of their market share. The findings might be interesting and useful to several companies that would like to be aware both of the profiles of the customers that are more likely to switch to cheaper brands and the products that will easily lose a part of their market share during a recession so that can formulate the appropriate marketing strategy. In the highlighted part right the name of the area where it will be easier for to distribute fifty surveys and get them back. What Influences brand loyalty towards cigarette brands in the UK market? Brand loyalty has been a one of the biggest issues in the world of marketing over the last years. The two topics of brand loyalty and cigarette smoking have rarely been linked. A possible reason for this is that researchers might feel that it is in some way unethical to provide managerial suggestions for tobacco producers. The aim of this study is to clarify that matter and get knowledge about which product-related, psychographic, health-related and demographic factors influence the brand loyalty among smokers and to what extent. By examining brand loyalty towards cigarette brands, those factors which in fact decrease brand loyalty can be identified. In the literature review, the necessary background will be referenced to answer the research questions. The research will be conducted on a quantitative basis. The main research method used will be questionnaire survey. It is the researcher’s belief that this study will provide new and interesting perspective on the topic of brand loyalty, as well as the researcher hopes that the results will be beneficial for social marketers in their fight against cigarette smoking. What effect does sponsorship have on brand loyalty: A case study of Vodafone customers An increasingly larger marketing budget is allocated to sponsoring in companies. This has triggered the attention of the academics to research what the exact effects of sponsorship on a sponsoring brand are. This study fills a gap in the sponsorship literature by focusing on both current customers and looking at sponsorship from both negative and positive perspective. It researches what the effects of sponsorship are on brand loyalty for current customers concerning a sponsored party. Prior literature on both sponsorship and brand loyalty is explored to establish a sound theoretical reference. The review will demonstrate that negative and positive incidences as the context has a negative and positive effect respectively on attitude change toward the sponsored party, which in turn influences change in brand loyalty. The established theoretical reference is tested by means on a questionnaire survey. The sample will consist of Vodafone customers, which are tested on the change in attitudes toward the sponsored team (McLaren-Mercedes Formula 1 team for Vodafone) and on the change in attitudes and behavior toward the sponsoring brand.

Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck At first glance, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is a tale of two best friends traveling the countryside looking for work. This would seem like the norm for lower class people trying to survive in the rat race of society. Yet, the story isn’t merely George and Lennie’s search for jobs. Rather, it is about their all out quest for the American Dream, the dream of owning their own stake of land and ending their subservience to their bosses. In order for this to happen, however, George and Lennie had to remain a team. They had to pool their resources as well as their manpower, something their apparent mutual love for each other seemed to take care of. Yet, an irrevocable rift between them sent the dream crashing down. This caused George’s feelings of love and understanding to change from being existent to non-existent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the passing of Lennie’s aunt, George felt an obligation to take care of Lennie as well as to act as his guardian. George fulfilled this role with love and understanding. We first see change in George’s attitude towards Lennie when they moved onto the ranch, their place of work. George immediately feels that he is jeopardizing his relationship with other men in order to defend Lennie’s actions. George is further discouraged when he realizes, based on Lennie’s behavior that he can never be left alone- even to go to the bathroom. Lennie can’t even be trusted not to kill puppies while petting them. Lennie, in fact, goes so far as to kill the owner’s daughter-in-law. By this point, George, a nice yet overly ambitious individual, could no longer control this growing contempt towards his once beloved Lennie.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As George’s feelings changed, he started vocalizing his frustrations towards Lennie. Before, George would plead with Lennie with words of love to run away. Now, George actually suggests it. George relates to Lennie that he feels that he is â€Å"holding me (George) back from the good life†, and that he could get his own little stake of land if he freed himself of Lennie and his shortcomings. This is something the old George would never dream of saying. George further alienates Lennie by scolding him mercilessly after Lennie innocently told Crooks their future dreams. These comments reflected George’s sentiments exactly. Lennie had become more of a nuisance than George could even handle. Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck At first glance, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is a tale of two best friends traveling the countryside looking for work. This would seem like the norm for lower class people trying to survive in the rat race of society. Yet, the story isn’t merely George and Lennie’s search for jobs. Rather, it is about their all out quest for the American Dream, the dream of owning their own stake of land and ending their subservience to their bosses. In order for this to happen, however, George and Lennie had to remain a team. They had to pool their resources as well as their manpower, something their apparent mutual love for each other seemed to take care of. Yet, an irrevocable rift between them sent the dream crashing down. This caused George’s feelings of love and understanding to change from being existent to non-existent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the passing of Lennie’s aunt, George felt an obligation to take care of Lennie as well as to act as his guardian. George fulfilled this role with love and understanding. We first see change in George’s attitude towards Lennie when they moved onto the ranch, their place of work. George immediately feels that he is jeopardizing his relationship with other men in order to defend Lennie’s actions. George is further discouraged when he realizes, based on Lennie’s behavior that he can never be left alone- even to go to the bathroom. Lennie can’t even be trusted not to kill puppies while petting them. Lennie, in fact, goes so far as to kill the owner’s daughter-in-law. By this point, George, a nice yet overly ambitious individual, could no longer control this growing contempt towards his once beloved Lennie.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As George’s feelings changed, he started vocalizing his frustrations towards Lennie. Before, George would plead with Lennie with words of love to run away. Now, George actually suggests it. George relates to Lennie that he feels that he is â€Å"holding me (George) back from the good life†, and that he could get his own little stake of land if he freed himself of Lennie and his shortcomings. This is something the old George would never dream of saying. George further alienates Lennie by scolding him mercilessly after Lennie innocently told Crooks their future dreams. These comments reflected George’s sentiments exactly. Lennie had become more of a nuisance than George could even handle.

Essay --

Statistical Interpretation of United Arab Emirates Trading Patterns I have chosen to research the trade patterns of United Arab Emirates because, in my view, it is one of the most important players in the world in terms of trade. Furthermore, trade has influenced the living standard in this area, such that, the standard of living in Dubai, for example, has increased comparably. United Arab Emirates has mostly developed due to the petroleum and natural gas exports. In the following paragraphs I will present statistics and data regarding not only oil and natural gas trading patterns, but also commodities. The United Arab Emirates is one of the 10 largest oil and natural gas producers in the world, and is a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF). The UAE has had a great impact on oil trade because of its natural endowments. According to OPEC, its share of world reserves is of 8.1%. The most abundant factor of production, oil, has brought them a comparative advantage and specialization, which contributed to the country’s development. According to the data presented by Central Intelligence Agency, United Arab Emirates was ranked on the 24th place in the world in terms of total Imports and 19th place in total exports in 2012. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html In the WORLD FACTBOOK it is said that the UAE has an open economy with high per capita income. In recent years, successful efforts have been made regarding economic diversification and nowadays, the GDP based on oil and natural gas output has decreased to 25%. Since the discovery of oil 30 years ago, UAE has been through important transformations and h... ...in 2012, a 38% increase since 2011. However, imports to the US from the UAE have remained approximately the same, at over $2 billion. The data can be found on the website of the US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5200.html#2010 As a conclusion, I believe that United Arab Emirates are focusing more and more on diversifying their exports and not depending so much on the oil ones. As far as their partners are concerned, I believe that in the future India will continue to be the top trading partner of UAE, being followed by China and Japan. China is in need of more and more oil because it has recently been ranked as the World’s top importer of crude oil. Japan, on the other hand, continues to depend on the Middle East countries for oil imports, being the world’s third largest net oil importer. (US Energy Information Administration).

Noise vs Music

Was there a time in your life when you grew to dislike certain favorites? Like when you were a child you favored three spoonful of sugar over a half spoonful sugar for coffee? Or a time when you liked wearing your hair long and then soon came to like short ones, only to realize you like wearing your hair long once more? Our preferences changes from time to time – just as how our moods changes whenever we are in different situations. We think, decide and changes our mind. In everything we do, there’s this constant thing we create – change. How can we say that a certain sound may also be both to a certain listener? Remember that we perceive sounds by our auditory senses – our ears. We hear sounds every second of our life, a constant thing, but what we want to hear changes from time to time. Say we want to listen to a genre of techno music at this moment; for the meantime, this is what we call as our music. And just as how we perceive this certain genre as our music, any time of the day or year, this too can also become a noise for us should we soon dislike listening to it. The same goes to other people out there. A change in mood and likes in things especially on sounds they perceive changes. A student preparing for his examination the following day would prefer mellow-toned songs to soothe and relax his mind to study while at the same time hating the noise he hears on the other side of the room his brother is listening to – a music for him. Keep in mind how unique each person is, their personalities may be alike in some ways, but they will never be the same in everything. Two people may like similar genres but there too is a genre where one may call it music while the other noise to his ears. So don’t wonder whenever a friend of yours comes to dislike certain music, food, or anything. Nothing is permanent. Their view in things differs from time to time as well and will definitely be different from you.

Free Essays on Pro Death Penalty

Pro Death Penalty When someone takes a life, the balance of justice is thrown off. Unless the balance is restored, Society adapts to violence. Only taking the murderer’s life restores the balance and shows that murder is not tolerated and will be punished harshly. A major argument against the death penalty is that race plays a big part in whom and who is not executed. But in fact, statistically more white people have been executed in this country than black people. For the most heinous crimes, the ones in which the death penalty is applied; offenders, whether black or white, deserve the worst punishment the law can give. As a result of the controversy about racism and the death penalty; the Supreme Court has rejected the use of statistical studies, which claim racial bias, as the only reason for overturning a death sentence. Retribution is very important for a victim’s family to have. Although the victim’s family cannot be entirely restored to the way they were before the murder, at least an execution will bring closure to the murderer’s crime. It also ensures that there will be no more victims at the hand of that murderer. Robert Macy, District Attorney of Oklahoma City, described the need for retribution in one example: â€Å"In 1991, a young mother was rendered helpless and made to watch as her baby was executed. The mother was then mutilated and killed.† A person who could do something so malicious should not be lying in some prison, with three meals a day, clean sheets, cable T.V., and endless appeals.† For justice to prevail, some killers just need to die.... Free Essays on Pro Death Penalty Free Essays on Pro Death Penalty Pro Death Penalty When someone takes a life, the balance of justice is thrown off. Unless the balance is restored, Society adapts to violence. Only taking the murderer’s life restores the balance and shows that murder is not tolerated and will be punished harshly. A major argument against the death penalty is that race plays a big part in whom and who is not executed. But in fact, statistically more white people have been executed in this country than black people. For the most heinous crimes, the ones in which the death penalty is applied; offenders, whether black or white, deserve the worst punishment the law can give. As a result of the controversy about racism and the death penalty; the Supreme Court has rejected the use of statistical studies, which claim racial bias, as the only reason for overturning a death sentence. Retribution is very important for a victim’s family to have. Although the victim’s family cannot be entirely restored to the way they were before the murder, at least an execution will bring closure to the murderer’s crime. It also ensures that there will be no more victims at the hand of that murderer. Robert Macy, District Attorney of Oklahoma City, described the need for retribution in one example: â€Å"In 1991, a young mother was rendered helpless and made to watch as her baby was executed. The mother was then mutilated and killed.† A person who could do something so malicious should not be lying in some prison, with three meals a day, clean sheets, cable T.V., and endless appeals.† For justice to prevail, some killers just need to die.... Free Essays on Pro Death Penalty Capital punishment has been in effect since the 1600's . However, in 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment, which was unconstitutional according to the Eighth amendment. It was public opinion that the current methods of execution, hanging, electrocution, and facing a firing squad, were too slow and painful upon the person to be executed. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed this decision when a "cleaner" way to bring about death was found in 1976. This "cleaner" way is death by lethal injection, which is quick and painless if administered right (Cole 450). The death penalty is a good form of justice because only about 250 people a year get the death penalty and they are guilty beyond a doubt and don't deserve living with the possibility of parole. The sentencing judge or juries are ordered by the Supreme Court to look for "specific aggravating and mitigating factors in deciding which convicted murderers should be sentenced to death" (Cole 451). Some of these mitigating factors are the defendant's motivation, character, personal history, and most of all remorse (Costanzo). First, this paper will show the expense we can save be execution. Second, is how capital punishment does not deter crime. And third, is capital punishment cruel and unusual? First argument against the death penalty is that it costs less to imprison someone for life than to execute them. This is a good point that has a lot of impact on a lot of people’s views regarding capital punishment since they are the ones footing the bill through taxes. I personally would not mind paying the little bit extra just so I know for sure that there's one less murderer on our planet. If the death penalty was done away with, prisoners who should have been executed will be mixed in with other inmates. It would be possible and not too doubtful for them to kill another inmate or even a prison guard. If someone is lined up for execution...

Literary Analysis- the Story of an Hour Essays

Literary Analysis- the Story of an Hour Essays Literary Analysis- the Story of an Hour Paper Literary Analysis- the Story of an Hour Paper Ride of Her Life In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† (1894), Kate Chopin presents a woman in the last hour of her life and the emotional and psychological changes that occur upon hearing of her husbands’ death. Chopin sends the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard, on a roller coaster of emotional up’s and down’s, and self-actualizing psychological hairpin turns, which is all set in motion by the news of her husband’s death. This extreme â€Å"joy ride† comes to an abrupt and ultimately final halt for Mrs. Mallard when she sees her husband walk through the door unscathed. Chopin ends her short story ambiguously with the death of Mrs. Mallard, imploring her reader to determine the true cause of her death. The story beginnings with Chopin informing the reader about Mrs. Mallards â€Å"heart trouble† (1). This can be considered from two vantage points, the first being that Mrs. Mallard may in fact be afflicted with a heart condition diagnosed medically, and the second is that Mrs. Mallard had trouble of the heart, which was produced by her feelings toward her current life situation with her husband. Mrs. Mallard is a slave to her marriage and sets aside her own identity in order to be the wife her husband expects her to be. This kind of sacrifice of self would lead anyone to have some weakness of the heart and soul. Richards, a friend of Mr. Mallard’s, is the first to hear about Brently Mallard’s death in a railroad accident. We learn that â€Å"great care was taken† in telling Mrs. Mallard as gently as possible about the death of her husband. Mrs. Mallard’s own sister, Josephine, delivers the news â€Å"in broken sentences† and â€Å"veiled hints† (1). This was done with her â€Å"heart trouble† in mind, in order to not cause her further heart complications. Upon hearing the news, Chopin makes it clear that Mrs. Mallard does not take the news as some other women would; â€Å"with paralyzed inability to accept its significance† rather she breaks down in tears with â€Å"wild abandonment† in a â€Å"storm of grief† (1). In the article written by Selina Jamil, titled â€Å"Emotions in ‘The Story of an Hour’†, Jamil argues that â€Å"Chopin depicts Mrs. Mallard’s awareness of her husband’s death is stimulated by emotions, rather than by rationality† (216). This compliments the notion that Mrs. Mallard would immediately break down with raw emotion after hearing the news, rather then it taking time for the reality to set in. After the initial reaction, Mrs. Mallard goes to her room to be alone and this is when the truly profound emotional and psychological ride begins for her. Mrs. Mallard is drawn to the â€Å"comfortable, roomy armchair† that faced â€Å"the open window† (1), which leads one to believe Mrs. Mallard has a deep desire to be â€Å"open and comfortable† in her own life. Chopin then narrates that Mrs. Mallard is weighed down by â€Å"physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul† (1). [-0] This line illuminates the great suppression and oppression that Mrs. Mallard had been living in, in order to meet her social expectations as a wife. Jamil argues that up to this point Mrs. Mallard â€Å"ultimately purges her[self] of the sufferance of a meaningless life, as it becomes the impetus for the revelation that leads to her new freedom† (216). Chopin uses descriptive words that lend themselves to Mrs. Mallards own emotions in her current state of mind. The line, â€Å"The tops of the trees are aquiver with the new spring life†, speaks volumes about the newness of spring bringing new life to the world. This plays a large role in the epiphany that is soon to be had by Mrs. Mallard about what is to come in her future without her husband. The words â€Å"delicious breath of rain†¦ in the air† illuminates to feelings she will soon have about the death of her husband in relation to how her future will proceed. Jamil asserts that, â€Å"these objects inspire joy and hope in her, which, in turn, stir Louise’s attention: ‘[S]he felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air’† (217). The next line, â€Å"There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds[-1] that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window†, Chopin is symbolizing the emotions that are breaking through the â€Å"pile[s]† of Mrs. Mallard’s suppressed self that she has endured in the formalities of her life (1). Chopin continues to express how afflicted Mrs. Mallard is with her struggle to come to terms with her current state of emotions and her vision of self by describing Mrs. Mallard’s â€Å"dull eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. † While Chopin depicts Mrs. Mallard’s glance as not being one of reflection â€Å"but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought,† it can be inferred that Mrs. Mallard is processing her self-being not on a rational level but more on her emotional stimuli. Mrs. Mallard’s roller coaster continues to climb to the peak as she begins to feel â€Å"something coming to her†, she does so â€Å"fearfully†, as she is not clear on what â€Å"it† is that is coming. In her article Jamil indicates, â€Å"The ‘it’ that [Mrs. Mallard] feels emerging from nature is the vision, or perception, of [Mrs. Mallard’s] freedom, which occurs through [Mrs. Mallard’s] aroused emotions† (217). Chopin thoughtfully deduces that Mrs. Mallard’s actualization of self is â€Å"too subtle and elusive† to be grasped with rational thought and that â€Å"it† can only be initially â€Å"felt† intuitively and then â€Å"it† can be processed emotionally (1). As Mrs. Mallard begins to acknowledge what â€Å"it† is; she in turn tries to â€Å"beat it back with her will† (1). Mrs. Mallard is attempting to fight her own will on a couple of levels at this point: first, she â€Å"beats it back† because she knows in her world this feeling of joy is inappropriate at a time of loss; second, she is fearful of this new identity of self, to be an individual with her own will and freedom. However, when she â€Å"abandoned herself a little† she is able to allow her true emotions to escape with one small word â€Å"free, free, free! † (1). This small four letter word at first brought on a â€Å"vacant stare and†¦ look of terror† (2) because of the feelings she was having so soon after her husband’s death. This look quickly vanished as her body began to have a physical reaction to her psychological state of mind and â€Å"her pulse beat fast†¦ coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body† (2). At this point Mrs. Mallard is transformed into Louise, an individual that is no longer controlled by the â€Å"powerful will† (2) of another. She is no longer fearful of the â€Å"monstrous joy that [holds] her† as she has been enabled by â€Å"a clear and exalted perception† of self and individuality that no one’s â€Å"private will† shall be imposed upon her in the future (2). Louise is then left to contemplate the years to come beyond the day when she is obligated to lay her husband in his final resting place. The emotional incline she eels from the thought of years â€Å"that would belong to her absolutely† causes her to â€Å"open and spread her arms out †¦ in welcome† (2). Louise has reacted the ultimate and â€Å"strongest impulse of her being† and that is her â€Å"possession of self-assertion† (2). Jamil confirms that, â€Å"Louise’s emotions enable her to feel harmony between her body and soul† (218). This enlig htenment compels Chopin’s protagonist to whisper, â€Å"Free! Body and soul free! † (2), as she has finally come full circle in her journey of an hour to becoming her own self after hearing the news of her oppressive husband’s death. While considering the society with which Louise lived, it was common for people to associate emotions with being or making oneself sick. This explains why Josephine would ask Louise to â€Å"open the door- you will make yourself ill† (2) for fear of what may happen to Louise due to the depth of emotions she was processing. Louise attempts to send her sister away and continues to â€Å"drink in [the] very elixir of life† (2) by connecting to this new world that she finds herself in, filled with emotions for the future. Louise takes time to â€Å"fancy† about the days and seasons she would be able to experience with this new sense of self. Chopin leads Louise to compare her desire to have a long life, when just yesterday she had wished her life to be short because of the lack of desire to continue her life in the prison of marriage she had with her husband. After she takes those last moments to relish in her coming days she opens the door to her sister with â€Å"triumph in her eyes, and she carrie[s] herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory† (2). This demonstrates that Louise has irreversibly transformed emotionally and that this inner change has transferred out into her outward appearance. As Jamil observes, â€Å"Louise breaks the shackles of the patriarchal culture as she comprehends that she can ‘live for herself’ (2) instead of living the life that her husband sanctions for her. And this comprehension has to be felt with emotions† (219). As Louise makes the deviant descent down the stairs with her sister, she is confident in the future she will lead. However, when the front door is opened and her husband enters alive and uninjured because he was in fact far away from the accident, Louise takes her final shocking free fall off her roller coaster. Louise is unable to bear the loss of her new found identity, and with the sudden return of her husband and the life she knew prior to this hour of self discovery, she dies instantly. She dies not â€Å"of the joy that kills† (2) with the return of her husband but of the hair pin turn that takes her back on a road she desperately never wanted to return. Jamil accurately proclaims, â€Å"Chopin makes clear that to simply observe the world through one’s rational faculty is nowhere near as powerful as observing it with the vibrant, vigorous, acute, and heightened awareness that emotion makes possible† (220). Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† (1894) www. vcu. edu. engweb/webtexts/hour/[-2]. n. d. printed p. n. (1-2) Web. Retrieved 16th July 2011 Jamil, S. Selina. Emotions in the Story of an Hour. Explicator 67. 3 (2009): 215-220. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 18 July 2011 [-0] javascript:void(0); [-1] javascript:void(0); [-2] vcu. edu. engweb/webtexts/hour/

Resmed Case Essay Example

Resmed Case Essay Example Resmed Case Essay Resmed Case Essay Reseed did file a suit claiming that Reconciles Infringed on their patent. However, Responsive convincingly argue that their devices did not infringe on Resumes proprietary device and the court ruled in their favor. Reseed failed to bar Respiration entry into the CAP/OSHA market as well as prevent imitation and substitution of their CAP device. Reseed was aggressive in their RD (spent heavily), but brought products to market late. They often pursued several simultaneous projects through 3 departments (Mechanical design, electronic development and software development). Examples of Hess were APP to provide therapy to a larger group of OSHA sufferers and to expand into other areas of respiratory therapy. They consistently feel behind their Respiration in delivery products to the market. Market Selection Selected OSHA/SAD market as appear. 2% of population was possible candidates for CAP therapy. This was Resumes initial target market. They started in Australia, but then expanded into other countries such as Germany and eventually to the US. The branched into emphysema, CHEF, stoke therapy and other pulmonary diseases. They focused on the faces market where they were very successful. Also looked to revive an alternative treatment for Cheyenne-Stokes respiration. Market penetration and adaptation They established sales offices and partnerships with distributors as an entry strategy into the local markets. They eventually purchased the distributor when its sales were the majority of the distributors business. This was to help Reseed combat their smaller size. They also established an office In the US to have a local presence. Every country has a different health care system with differing reimbursement systems, market structures and competitive Reseed approached each market with those differences in mind. Main target market was the US. US market had MM people affected by sleep disorders according to the Congressional Sleep Disorders Commission. OSHA identified as the largest culprit and that many werent properly diagnosed. This study put OSHA related products in the spotlight and this market grew almost 500%. This Increase In market share would be a tremendous opportunity Tort tense companies won were positional to take advantage. Unfortunately, Respiration was the first mover in this market and took a commanding market share. Barriers to entry were minimal as a new market entrant would only have to demonstrate to the FDA that the CAP device complied with guidelines. Reseed was second in the US to Respiration to provide SAD therapy equipment. Respiration holds the majority of the market share in the US. In most other countries, healthcare is usually controlled by a single source (e. G. Government) which was very motivated by cost. Germany being one of the exceptions as they were more concerned about the level of care provided and not the costs/reimbursements. Reseed offered the Sleepiest which was a product to provide non-sleep specialists medical staff the tools for identifying a diagnosis and a treatment. This was ultimately designed to increase the flow of patients into payer-dictated paths for CAP prescription. [2] Competitive industry structure and competitive positioning Porters Five forces analysis will help to determine industry structure and competitive positioning Industry Competition Respiration major competitor in OSHA and breathing therapy market Respiration had more advanced and relevant technology. Two major competitors merged (Respiration and Healthy), but was distracted by integration and No real source of product differentiation amongst the restructuring process. Competitors with the exception of an Outset device which constantly monitors and adjusts air pressure. Source of product differentiation with the faces. Low levels of product differentiation and many competitors will put a downward pressure on the Caps prices. N o competitors in the CHEF and stroke treatment markets. First mover advantage. Supplier Power Raw materials and products needed to manufacture these devices and fastbacks would be very similar. Supplier power will be controlled by supplier competition and the demand of the product being sought. Suppliers can drive prices upwards by following the leader or creating a shortage in essential raw parts needed for the CAP/APP machines. Buyer Power Products which treat OSHA/SAD offer very little product differentiation. Because of number of competitors and lack of product differentiation, this will put pressure on the manufacturers to compete on pricing. Buyers have less power with fastbacks and Reseed is the industry leader. Has a greater level of product differentiation. Barriers to Entry Low barrier to entry with OSHA markets. FDA had a set standard spec for the CAP. If competitors met the standards of the design, the CAP machine would be allowable. A barrier to entry would be in partnering with a distributor that had injections with governments and/or the insuranc e companies. Another barrier to entry would be the specific regulations governing medical therapy devices. How loose or how strict these regulations would be would affect the barrier to entry. Hall Drawler to entry would De Tort products wanly were Antennae to treat c Stroke patient market. This product required timely and costly clinical trials. There was also no compensation incentive for cardiologists/neurologists. In the CHEF and Stroke markets, high barrier to entry as these markets had well defined diagnostic and treatment methods. Threat of Substitutes High threat of substitutes in the OSHA/SAD markets from competitors products, surgical procedures and prescription medicines all meant to alleviate the symptoms of OSHA. Interaction with regulatory bodies, other key organizations Had problems getting the commercial backing for development of the device and the medical community to accept CAP. Farrell had many publications on the topic of sleep medicine and established credibility in this medical community. FDA was responsible for the approval of therapeutic products treating OSHA/SAD. In Germany, doctors and not government had the greatest influence on which product was used. However, the German government also had very strict technical specifications and patients expected cutting edge technology. Management, leadership and organization structure Flat organization structure focused on minimizing politics, being value driven, being innovative and doing tasks with a sense of urgency. CEO/leader with high standards and demanding targets. Relentless drive, attention to detail with intelligence. He was good at forming networks and assembled a medical advisory board of experts to advise the company on trends in medicine. Hired former graduate students who already had worked with Farrell and understood his demanding sense of urgency. Reseed geographically expanded as they went into new markets. Farrell wanted to maintain the companys culture often communicated with all levels of the organization as well as visited the Australian office. Changed organization and leadership in RD, when they couldnt deliver results and fell behind their competitors. Acquired MAP (a competitor in the German markets), which created synergies and economies of scale in its German operations. Map also had new products in the pipeline which would help to lower the R costs of the combined company. This brand recognition in Germany could service to strengthen the companys competition as they expand into new markets. In the US, they kept their sales force lean in order to keep their costs down and focused on the strategic repositioning of reimbursable products in new areas of treatment. Access to capital Partnered with Baxter International, invested in Resumes product to improve patient comfort and reduce the noise produced by the machine. [3]Almost failed when Baxter sold its respiratory care businesses, but Farrell funded Reseed privately. Distributor partnership with Monitored, they gave $1 MM for development of next generation of CAP evolves In exchange Tort a Malory Interest In ten Resume. 0 secure althorn funding, Reseed came out with an PIP in the US which raised $MM. What should Reseed do with regard to the CHEF (congestive heart failure) and Stroke market opportunities? Reseed should continue developing technologies to take advantage of the CHEF and Stroke markets. Reseed needs to expand on sicknesses that can be treated using the same types of therapy. This will offer the most synergies to their current infrastructure and will offer them large growth potential in the future. These markets had almost MOM people affected by CHEF or Strokes in the US. There were no competitors in this market and the first to move could potentially capture the lions share of the market. This would be a huge capital investment and the rewards as well as the risks will be large. For the CHEF opportunity, there were studies which showed the link between SAD and hypertension, which was an accepted risk factor for CHEF. CHEF needed new technology to respond to CHEF patients breathing patterns. With the focus on prevention as opposed to treatment for many illnesses, pushing into this market and spending the capital on RD could be lucrative.

Describing the morphology and behavior of zoo gorilla, white-handed Essay

Describing the morphology and behavior of zoo gorilla, white-handed gibbon and golden lion tamarin - Essay Example These pads are called ischial callosities. They are extremely acrobatic and agile. They spend most of their times on trees .They move by swinging gracefully from branches and vines, a practice called branchiating. When they branchiate they use four fingers like a hook but the thumb is not used. When on the ground they walk bipedally. Gorillas have the behavior of living in many social groupings called troops led by a dominant male called the silverback. They are primarily herbivores where they feed on roots, shoots fruits, wild celery, tree barks and foliage. In rear cases, they also feed on insects. These primates have thumbs that are opposable on their hands and feet which allow them to have firm grasp of objects and especially branches of trees. The gorillas may walk upright but they walk in a hunched quadrupedal fashion with their hands in a curled position and their knuckles also in a curled position. The armspan of the gorillas is long which allows them to walk in their quadruped led situation. The Golden Lion Tamarin is of four species and this work covers its ecological factors.  They feed mainly on fruits, and play an important role in seed dispersal. They also feed on flowers and nectar, and prey on small animals such as frogs, snails, lizards and spiders, and may opportunistically feed on gums, saps and latex from trees. Their communication is chemically through marked throughout the territories. Reproductive males and females scent and their non-productive counterparts rarely do so .They also uses visual vocals of their group and conspecifics. Hence they have a social structure. Reproductive males and females do the scent marking unlike the juveniles or non-reproductive individuals still in there natal the tamarin has tegulae which are claw like nails .This tegulae enables it to cling to the sides of the tree trunks. It may also move quadrupedally along the small branches whether

PROPERTY ECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PROPERTY ECONOMICS - Essay Example The report establishes that there a number of micro and macro economic factors strongly account for rental volatility in the non-residential property market. These factors ranged from changes in the demand and supply for commercial property, the level of industrialization, interest rates, and government policy on economic and regional development. This report about rental volatility in the commercial property market is divided into four sections. The first section would look at the cyclical movements in rental volatility, resulting from the interaction of the micro and macro economics factors, as well as government policy on economic and regional development. The second section would make an investigative view on why this rental volatility has witnessed marked variations on a regional basis. Then the third section would give an outline of the extent to which government planning has influenced rental volatility in the commercial property market. Subsequently, the role of government and council reforms in determining the frequency and extent of rental volatility would be examined in the fourth section. Finally, there would be a section for conclusion on the trend of rental volatility in the commercial property market. Ball et al (2002) hold that the commercial property markets consist of thousands of parcels of l... This makes it difficult for a property to be a perfect substitute of the other. In the context of property economics, Jackson and Watkins (2007) opine that rent refers to the price mechanism that balances the demand and supply property to achieve equilibrium in four interlinked markets: the user market, the development market, the financial asset market, and the land market. The volatility cycle would now be viewed in the above ways. They further argue that in the user market, the payments a firm makes in order to use a given amount of commercial property for a particular time period is called building rent. It acts as the key signal to agents active in the market, and, through its rises and falls, clears these markets by equating the quantity supplied with that demanded. According to Ball et al (2002), rent volatility in the property market can best be explained using the DiPasquale and Wheaton framework. The equation, according to Dobson and Goddard (1992), maintains that property rents are a function of industrial investment in leasing or buying or new property, the floor space and geographical location. This means that the higher the rate of industrial investment, the higher would be the demand for commercial property. This would certainly drive up the price of property without any certainty in the supply. A look at the demand and supply curve would help clarify this scenario. Market forces on the demand and supply of property Price D1 D2 S P2 P1 Q1 Q2 Property demanded/supplied For instance, the above diagram shows a typical situation in an increase in the demand for property. In the diagram, there is

Staff Retention Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Staff Retention Strategy - Assignment Example They are the customers for jobs. If managers do not prepare a good foundation, they cannot expect them to stay. Employees will no longer endure what they do not like in their employment situation. They have power in the knowledge of their abilities and confidence in their value in the marketplace. With greater loyalty to their career and their skills than to their employer, they move on. Current paper provides discussion of proper strategies that should be applied for keeping employees who are the greatest assets of any organization. Using the case of London Housing Association, I will emphasize strategies of retention employees in this organization while basically examining job descriptions, recruitment, selection, and orientation, looking at the employees' perspectives on the issue. Keeping good help productive and on the job is the keystone of management. It is an everyday, continual process. It represents not one single problem with one single solution but rather a maze of simple and complex problems each with several possible solutions. Successful management deals with each problem and chooses among the alternative solutions. Management is, perhaps, problem solving and decision making. In dealing with problems the manager would do well to keep in mind an old rule "If you are not part of the solution, then you must be part of problem... If you are part of the solution, you are probably part of the next problem." (Campbell, Campbell, & Chia, 132) The problem of high turnover seems more evident in some businesses than in others. The manager who faces this problem should be aware that there is no simple solution, only intelligent choices. In making these choices the manager needs a basic understanding of people and why they do what they do or why they don't do what you would like them to do. The choices management makes in these decisions should be predicated upon the goals of the organization. The results of such decisions may actually be a test of the validity of organizational goals. Realistic goals which have been developed and accepted by all segments of the organization will prove to be a much sounder base for management decisions than goals developed from a narrow perspective of any one segment of the organization. Both the organization and the employee are beginning a relationship that will not last if there is a mismatch between the position requirements and the new hire's skills. It makes no difference if the mismatch is due to managers' unawareness of what they need, not having the right person in candidate pool, not selecting the person who can do the work, or not launching the person hired on the right track. The results are, on either side, unfruitful. For the organization: loss of productivity because work is not getting done or not getting done right; burnout of overworked employees; the often hidden cost of management time to fix the problem. For the employee: frustration due to not being able to use one's skills; investment of time and energy to find another position. In London Housing Association retention is interrelated with recruitment and employee relations. Each impacts the other, and all three are related. London Housing Association begins its retention efforts by centralizing its recruitment efforts. Through its recruitment centers it provides better-quality applicants for managers to

America Post-Civil War Growing Pains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

America Post-Civil War Growing Pains - Essay Example This period was the second major turning point in a long list that occurred in this particular period. It had far-reaching consequences for America’s social and political life. There were many changes to the laws at the national level, which promised a new breathing space for the African-American population, there was also a promise from the national government to protect the rights of the new citizens of American Republic (Foner, Mahoney, pp. II, 1995). Therefore, the paper enters into a discussion of the impact of the two major turning points, which occurred after the civil war, as well as considering the different effects of the laws that were passed during this period. It is essential to identify crucial differences that led to the changing of the economic, political and social life of Americans. While the industrial expansion was concentrated in the North, the country witnessed massive rates of economic growth. There was a huge expansion of agriculture and industry, as we ll as a growth in population. Much of the economic growth occurred in Northeast, Midwest and plain states. The South remained largely agricultural. One of the reasons that the North was able to pursue its agenda of economic progress was because the Southern states provided no opposition. A major reason for the huge economic growth was the different innovations, which changed the scale and scope of manufacturing. This was expressed by approximately 45,661 patents that were released in 1897 compared to 1045 issued in 1844. These innovations included the typewriter, calculating and adding machines, the cash register and the Kodak camera. There was a boom in the textile industry, as a result of the improvements in the technology, such as looms and faster spindles in weaving (Gale, 1999).This resulted in huge changes within American society, driven by mass immigration, and urbanization. During this time, America became what it is now, largely shaped by the phrase ‘The American Drea m,’ which was the dream of every immigrant who set foot on our shores during the reconstruction period. During this stage of industrialism, there was little or no leisure time for factory workers and many managers and professionals. An average American may have witnessed an increase in economic growth, but they also faced problems of pollution, and disturbances to their lifestyles, because of the different influx of immigrants (e-history, 2012). The other major turning point of American history, which occurred during the reconstruction period, was the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. This was a result of the Lincoln administration’s determination to force immediate unification of the North and the now defunct Confederacy, moving former slaves along the road to freedom; Lincoln tried to pave the road, which would eventually lead to emancipation. Eventually, Lincoln included the African-Americans in the military in the North, so they could aid in the war effort to fight against the Confederacy. Following the end of the civil war and during the reconstruction plan, Lincoln tried to persuade many states to abolish slavery, and in most cases, he proved to be unsuccessful. The Thirteenth Amendment, which Lincoln worked towards with the Republicans eventually, abolished slavery in the entire country (Foner, Mahoney, pp. 22-24, 1995). It cannot be stated explicitly the way Reconstruction would have been

Graphic Design in Victorian Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Graphic Design in Victorian Era - Essay Example The Victorian Era (Fig. 1) also referred to social movement, celebration of the industrial era's spirit, design with fancy ornamental detail, the rise of American advertising design that contributed to the development of Graphic Design. In 1851, Prince Albert, husband of Victoria, organized the first international exhibition of manufactured goods as celebration of modern industrial technology and design in Crystal Palace. The exhibition attracted more than six million visitor and thirteen thousand exhibitors. "Amazingly, the building, dubbed the "Crystal Palace" (Fig.2), was ready on time and on budget. In fact, due to presale of tickets, the exhibition was ensured profit before it even opened on May 1, 1851" (www.britainexpress.com). In 1851 just about everyone who could manage it visited the Crystal Palace: six million people in five months. Over four million of them came from outside London, double the usual number of travelers (Gillett, 1990). Handling that traffic was tribute to the new, high-speed, mass circulation of people and goods by railroad. The project's architect, Joseph Paxton, was not simply builder of greenhouses, but railway engineer; the great ferrovitrious sheds that still lie behind the public face of King's Cross and Paddington stations are architectural cousins of the Crystal Palace. The cruciform palace was constructed of standard cast and wrought iron pieces, none over 24 feet long or weighing more than ton (Briggs, 1988). They supported 900,000 square feet of glass panes that were at the time the biggest ever manufactured. The enclosed floor space was 772,824 square feet: room for nearly 14,000 exhibitors from around the world, featuring everything from raw materials and massive machinery for mining and manufacturing to fine arts and finished -products for daily use. Prefabrication allowed the building to be erected in nine months; it also meant the palace could be taken down as scheduled and rebuilt in expanded form as cultural center in Sydenham, south London, where it survived until 1936 when it was destroyed in fire (Briggs 1988: ch. 2). One of the English lithographers, William Sharp introduced the chromo-lithography to America. Sharp moved to Boston in the late 1830s. He created the first chromolithograph in 1840 by printing the portrait of the congregation's minister, the Reverend F. W, P. Greenwood from two or perhaps three lithographic stone. Later in 1870, John H. Bufford, masterly craftsman achieved stunning realism on crayon-style images. "Hallmarks of Bufford designs were meticulous and convincing tonal drawing and the integration of image and lettering into unified design" (Philip, 1998). Bufford kept artistic direction responsibilities in his whole life. Louis Prang (1824-1909), German immigrant to America who was the most plentiful

America Post-Civil War Growing Pains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

America Post-Civil War Growing Pains - Essay Example This period was the second major turning point in a long list that occurred in this particular period. It had far-reaching consequences for America’s social and political life. There were many changes to the laws at the national level, which promised a new breathing space for the African-American population, there was also a promise from the national government to protect the rights of the new citizens of American Republic (Foner, Mahoney, pp. II, 1995). Therefore, the paper enters into a discussion of the impact of the two major turning points, which occurred after the civil war, as well as considering the different effects of the laws that were passed during this period. It is essential to identify crucial differences that led to the changing of the economic, political and social life of Americans. While the industrial expansion was concentrated in the North, the country witnessed massive rates of economic growth. There was a huge expansion of agriculture and industry, as we ll as a growth in population. Much of the economic growth occurred in Northeast, Midwest and plain states. The South remained largely agricultural. One of the reasons that the North was able to pursue its agenda of economic progress was because the Southern states provided no opposition. A major reason for the huge economic growth was the different innovations, which changed the scale and scope of manufacturing. This was expressed by approximately 45,661 patents that were released in 1897 compared to 1045 issued in 1844. These innovations included the typewriter, calculating and adding machines, the cash register and the Kodak camera. There was a boom in the textile industry, as a result of the improvements in the technology, such as looms and faster spindles in weaving (Gale, 1999).This resulted in huge changes within American society, driven by mass immigration, and urbanization. During this time, America became what it is now, largely shaped by the phrase ‘The American Drea m,’ which was the dream of every immigrant who set foot on our shores during the reconstruction period. During this stage of industrialism, there was little or no leisure time for factory workers and many managers and professionals. An average American may have witnessed an increase in economic growth, but they also faced problems of pollution, and disturbances to their lifestyles, because of the different influx of immigrants (e-history, 2012). The other major turning point of American history, which occurred during the reconstruction period, was the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. This was a result of the Lincoln administration’s determination to force immediate unification of the North and the now defunct Confederacy, moving former slaves along the road to freedom; Lincoln tried to pave the road, which would eventually lead to emancipation. Eventually, Lincoln included the African-Americans in the military in the North, so they could aid in the war effort to fight against the Confederacy. Following the end of the civil war and during the reconstruction plan, Lincoln tried to persuade many states to abolish slavery, and in most cases, he proved to be unsuccessful. The Thirteenth Amendment, which Lincoln worked towards with the Republicans eventually, abolished slavery in the entire country (Foner, Mahoney, pp. 22-24, 1995). It cannot be stated explicitly the way Reconstruction would have been

Reflection on the film 12 Angry Men Research Paper

Reflection on the film 12 Angry Men - Research Paper Example Reflection on the film 12 Angry Men The problem of prejudice and the difficulty faced by the jurors in decision making process is still an unresolved problem in the global context. In the beginning, most of the jurors were against the culprit. In the end, all the jurors came to know that their decision is based upon their personal opinions on the immigrant population. My personal opinion/reflection on the film 12 Angry Men is divided into three sections: prejudice, racial supremacy, and misuse of law. Prejudice I am of the opinion that the director made use of the protagonist (the immigrant boy, probably from Puerto Rican Island) to unmask the depth of prejudice against immigrants in America. I believe that prejudice based upon racial and cultural identity is an important problem faced by a member who belongs to an immigrant community. If we are not from an immigrant community, there exists less possibility to have deeper understanding on this problem. Within this context, the director makes use of the protagonist as a medium to express his opinion on the problem faced by immigrants. In the beginning of the film, the jury, which consists of 12 members, does not show any particular interest in the emotional trauma faced by the boy. Biskind (2001) made clear that, â€Å"In the view of the strong case against the defendant, it is not too surprising that the jury’s first straw vote comes out 11 to 1 for conviction† (p.11). ... So, in my opinion, the film portrays how prejudice affects the smooth functioning of law and order in a modern society. Racial superiority I think racial superiority is a myth based upon false opinion, not upon fact. The elite class in the society considers that their status in the society is indebted to their racial identity. But one cannot prove that racial identity determines one’s superiority over others. So, I am totally against racial superiority. One of the factors which attracted me towards this film is the director’s attempt to expose that racial superiority is a myth. In the film, the boy is the victim of racial superiority/racial supremacy. For instance, most of the members of the jury are white middle class men. Still, all the members are from different layers of the society. Most of them do not try to allow the boy to prove his innocence. On the other side, juror 8, an architect by profession, is not ready to act against the boy. Later, some of the jurors l ike Juror 5 and Juror 11 decide to change their opinion. Still, Juror 3’s wavering nature hinders the jury members to have a unanimous decision. In the film, most of the jury members are not aware of their role in decision making process because they act according to the false beliefs in the society. One can see that most of the jury members are middle aged and their personal opinions on the immigrants deeply influence their decisions. So, the film helped me to know more about the problem of prejudice based upon racial superiority. Misuse of law I consider this film as an eye-opener to those who believe that death penalty can reduce crime in the society. On the other side, law is misused to victimize innocent individuals who are not

Race and ethnicity in the United States Census Essay Example for Free

Race and ethnicity in the United States Census Essay Race is a biological entity, but it has been proven that the concept of race can be constructed or manipulated by societies that even though since an anthropological and biological perspective the barrier between races is very clear. Ethnicity isn’t a societal concept founded by the color of skin, since everyone knows individuals of the identical race have variations of skin color. For example in European circles, Middle Easterners such as Arabs, Jews, Iranians (Indo-Europeans or Aryans); North Africans like Berbers and Arabs; Latin Americans of pure Caucasian descent and Northern Indians and Pakistanis are not considered Caucasian or white, even though anthropologically and genetically they are. People can deny kinship or invent their kinship to people of other genetic markers if this makes them keep their status or way of life; this has to do with issues like migration, religion and the like. Race refers to the bodily and biotic features for specific sets of individuals. For example: anyone may recognize an individual’s ethnicity founded up skeleton construction, predominantly the cranium, since the various races have distinctive, skeleton structures. Diverse ethnicities have diverse bone concentrations. Afro-American’s have the thickest bone because they need to stockpile â€Å"calcium and vitamin D in their bones† because of the dusky color that does not allow the sun to simply infiltrate and produce the vitamins to protect their skeletal frame (Comer, 1972). White and Asian ethnicity produce smaller skeletal density since light skin permits the sun to infiltrate into the skin easier. This makes it easier to take up vitamin D from the sun. There are a large number of variations within ethical groups than may be condensed to tinier clusters of ethnic clusters. However, ethnic groupings are not unsubstantiated and illogical societal tags. There is a plethora of fabrication concerning race around, and most 19th century anthropology scientists that studied race were mistaken concerning many facts, however the entire theory should not be trashed. Even Darwin made mistakes concerning many facts, however it should not require the complete Theory of Evolution should be trashed as well.. A societal structure may function as an instrument of organization that sustains the domination of specific ethnic races and the subservience of other races. Race is described as being â€Å" ‘Race’ is first and foremost an unequal relationship between social aggregates, characterized by dominant and subordinate forms of social interaction, and reinforced by the intricate patterns of public discourse, power, ownership and privilege within the economic, social and political institutions of society† (Commer,1997). Ethnicity merely turns out to be genuine when societies act in other habits that cause subservience to last. It converts actual once society acts toward one another that maintain the subservience. Race often causes ethically emotional discourse which includes constant practices of displacement and ethnic suffering. Principles and individuality are also societal structures (permanent. The description of individuality by Sarikaya: â€Å"†¦identity is not only a story, a narrative which we tell ourselves about ourselves, it is stories which change with historical circumstances. And identity shifts with the way in which we think and hear them and experience them. Far from only coming from the still small point of truth inside us, identities actually come from outside, they are the way in which we are recognized and then come to step into the place of the recognitions which others give us. Without the others there is no self, there is no self-recognition† (Sarikaya, 2011). It is similar to a camera, the controlling scrutiny changes an individual to thing and â€Å"†¦the normalizing gaze [is] a surveillance that makes it possible to qualify, to classify and to punish, and it establishes, over individuals a visibility through which one differentiates and judges them† (Foucault,1991 pg. 25). Race has the capacity to change anyone into a historic minute outside of that which a person is unable to step out of. Race adopts the theory that there is a pattern of regularity and accurate, each person separate from this pattern should be conveyed to the pattern – the normalcy is considered to be a young, Caucasian, Christian, man. The societal imagination is a broad area that groups is now created, made-up, placed and formed by dominate dialogues and governing society. There is no social justice or injustice of classifying or not classifying people according to the race they belong to, some can say racial classifications are harmful to the unity of the group, that it causes racism, etc. It should not be something bad or something to be afraid of or something to avoid, there should be not prejudice in the concept of race, and everyone should be happy with their ancestry and celebrate their phenotype and genotype and not suffer prejudice from society for being descendant of certain people. References: Comer, J. P. , (1972). Beyond Black and White. New York, NY: Quadrangle Books. Retried from: http://kcmo. ent. sirsi. net/client/en_US/NKCPL/search/results/? ln=en_USq=Beyond+Bla ck+and+Whitert=rw=0. Foucault, M. , (1991). Discipline and Punish The birth of prison (2nd ed. ) New York, NY: Random House, Inc. Sarikaya, D. (2001). The Construction of Afro-Caribbean Identity in the Poetry of Linton Kwesi Johnson. Journal of Caribbean Literatures, (Spring 2011, Vol. 7, Issue 1, p161-175, 15p). Retrieved from: http://av4kc7fg4g. search.serialssolutions. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/? ctx_ver=Z39. 88-2004ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc %3AUTF-8rfr_id=info:sid/summon. serialssolutions. comrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:jo urnalrft. genre=articlerft. atitle=The+construction+of+Afro-Caribbean+cultural+identity+in+t he+poetry+of+Linton+Kwesi+Johnsonrft. jtitle=Journal+of+Caribbean+Literaturesrft. au=Sar ikaya %2C+Dilekrft. date=2011-01-01rft. pub=Journal+of+Caribbean+Literaturesrft. issn=1086-01 0Xrft. eissn=2167-9460rft. volume=7rft. issue=1rft. spage=161rft. externalDBID=n %2Farft. externalDocID=338524281paramdict=en-US.

Rehabilitation for Anterior Glenohumeral Subluxation

Rehabilitation for Anterior Glenohumeral Subluxation 6-weeks Physical Rehabilitation Protocol for Anterior Glenohumeral Subluxation in Athletes Abstract: Background: Anterior shoulder dislocations and subluxations are common in young athletes. The mechanism for the first or primary shoulder dislocation may involve a collision or a fall typically with the arm in an abducted and externally rotated position. Contact sports, such as rugby and ice hockey, provide frequent opportunities for this injury to occur. Shoulder dislocations can occur after much less trauma in patients with previous dislocations. Despite a period of immobilization and rehabilitation following traumatic dislocations, recurrent instability often results and can lead to significant disability. To minimize the need for surgical intervention, effective physical rehabilitation programs are needed. Purpose: The aim of this study was to design a physical rehabilitation program using elastic band and resistive exercise to improve joint strength and range of motion in individuals diagnosed with a first-time shoulder dislocation.       Method: Twelve physically active males with a first-time acute shoulder dislocation were asked to volunteer. Participants began a physical rehabilitation program two weeks after the shoulder dislocation, which was confirmed by a referring physician. The rehabilitation program was 6 weeks in duration and required the participants to engage in progressive resistive loads/duration using elastic bands and weights five days per week. Pretest and posttest measures included shoulder strength and range of motion. All outcome measures were compared between the injured and uninjured shoulder, which served as the control condition in this study. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the injured and uninjured shoulder for measures of strength and range of motion during pretests (p Conclusions: The physical rehabilitation program proposed in this study was effective at improving strength and range of motion in the injured shoulder as evidenced by the similarity in posttest values between the injured and uninjured shoulder. These results are encouraging and suggest the physical rehabilitation program proposed in this study may help reduce the need for surgical intervention in healthy young males who experience a primary shoulder dislocation. Introduction: The shoulder is the most frequently dislocated joint in the human body, anterior dislocation being the most common injuries in our daily life, especially for young people (Rumian, et al., 2011; Liu, et al., 2014). It was estimated that the incidence rate of shoulder dislocation as 23.9 per 100,000 persons a year (Owens, et al., 2009). Anterior shoulder dislocations and subluxations are common injuries in young athletes (Kaplan, et al., 2005; Malhotra, et al., 2012). The disparity between the large humeral head and the small glenoid cavity gives the joint the ability to be injured (Brukner, 2012; Brandt, et al., 2013) Moreover, the anteriorly dislocated humeral head causes a labrum tear of the anterior and inferior labrum, a Bankart injury (UG, et al., 2014; Porcellini, et al., 2009), and a typical impression fracture (Hovelius, et al., 2008; Kim, et al., 2003). The mechanism of the first dislocations occurs after a forceful direct trauma or a fall typically with the arm in an abducte d and externally rotated or outstretched arm (Owens, et al., 2010; Rolf, 2007). Thus, in the majority of cases, the arm is abducted and the shoulder is externally rotated (Hardy, et al., 2010; Patel, et al., 2010). This is common in rugby, hockey, Handball, Football, riding, and cycling. In patients with lax shoulders or previous dislocations, dislocation can occur after much less trauma (Badr Gaballah, 2015; Kelly Terry, 2001; Brooks, et al., 2005). Recently, the most common management of treatment for primary anterior glenohumeral instability is nonoperative management (Gibson, et al., 2004; Zacchilli Owens , 2010) Rehabilitation and prevention of this injury were worthwhile of research because negligence of rehabilitation the first-time dislocation shoulder may lead to recurrent instability of the glenohumeral joint (Rumian, et al., 2011; Provencher, et al., 2010). Furthermore, there is a body of reports suggesting that younger athletes generally and contact sports particularl y most affected with the instability risk after a primary anterior shoulder dislocation. (Zacchilli Owens , 2010; Handoll, et al., 2006). This risk of the recurrence dislocation reported in young athletes with first-time anterior dislocation as height as 90-95% (Gibson, et al., 2016). However, the athletes with anterior shoulder dislocation which returning to activities with in season after lack rehabilitation have demonstrated high rates of recurrent dislocation from 37% to 90%. (Watson, et al., 2016; Castagna, et al., 2007). The goal of the primary rehabilitation for the acute anterior shoulder is to prevent long-term instability for the shoulder joint (Leroux, et al., 2014). However, patients with recurrent shoulder instability often need to surgical intervention or arthroscopic treatment. (Malhotra, et al., 2012; Provencher, et al., 2010; Porcellini, et al., 2009). Indeed, several modalities used conservative treatment for the acute dislocation shoulder (Liu, et al., 2014; Yamamoto, et al., 2010; Liavaag, et al., 2011) and injections (Nagata, et al., 2016). Some approaches have been conducted physical rehabilitation programs for first-time dislocation shoulder (Gibson, et al., 2004; Karatsolis Athanasopoulos, 2006; Salamh Speer, 2013). Other used the elastic resistance exercise which became one of the popular tools in physical rehabilitation. (Andersen, et al., 2010; Camci, et al., 2013; Brandt, et al., 2013) The major reason to use the elastic band that they have demonstrated excellent validity and reliability with shoulder muscle testing (Andersen, et al., 2016). Ultimately, the aim of this study was to design a physical rehabilitation program using an elastic band and resistive exercise to improve joint strength in individuals diagnosed with a first-time shoulder dislocation. Method: Subjects Physically active males who presented at the Mansoura university hospitals and the teaching hospital in Damietta, Egypt with acute anterior dislocation shoulder injury between September 2012 and February 2015 were randomly recruited as research participants. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were conducted to determine the injury grade for 17 athletes. We excluded patients with recurrent dislocation shoulder or had a history of injury in the same joint. Twelve physically active males (age 18.6  ± 1.32y, mass 74.48 ±3.22 Kg, height 178.4 ±3.21 cm and competitive experience 9.6 ±2.67 y) with a first-time acute shoulder dislocation were considered as research participants. The participants began a physical rehabilitation program two weeks after the shoulder dislocation, which was confirmed by a referring physician. Rehabilitation Program The external and internal rotation exercises have been chosen for the first stage which aimed to control the pain and inflammation caused by the dislocation and included seventeen flexibility and isotonic strength exercise with 12-15 1RM intensity were performed for the scapulothoracic muscles particularly, the rotator cuff muscles. (Figure 1). Fig 1. First rehabilitation stage exersices examples Fig. 2. Second rehabilitation exercises examples. The second stage aimed to restore higher level of muscle strength. The intensity of exercises was five sets with 8-10 1RM, was tested according to the healthy arm. Thirty-two exercises in particular, Deltoid M., Trapezius M. and serratus anterior M. exercises in this stage were performed widely in the horizontal and diagonal axes. Moreover, the exercises were chosen to enhance the range of motion (ROM) and muscles strength between 90-150 ° vertically, horizontally, and diagonally (Figure 2). The third stage, after the twenty rehabilitation sessions. The endurance, peromitric, and strength exercises were consisted of five sets of 8-10 repetitions using variable resistance: one at 75% of the 10 RM, and two at 95% of the 8 RM. 27 extremity weights rehabilitation exercises performed to reach 190 200 ° ROM and the equally health arms strength as well. (Figure 5,6). The Thera-Band resistance bands exercises were hired during the six weeks especially the four colors (red, blu e, black, silver, gold). The red and blue bands were used in the first stage and the black and silver used in second stage, addition, the gold has been performed in the third stage. Furthermore, all the exercises performed by stretching the band between 75 100 %. knowing that, the weight of stretching in Thera-Band between 75-100% is (red 3.3-3.9kg, blue 5.9-7.1kg, black 8.1-9.7, silver 11.1-13.2kg, and gold 18.1-21.6kg). (BiÇer, et al., 2015;Andersen, et al., 2010) Fig. 3. Third rehabilitation exercises examples. Statistics analyze: The paired t-test was used to compare the collected data before performing the exercise protocol (Pre-test) and those which obtained after 6-weeks physical rehabilitation period (Post-test). Whether the differences between the samples were significant at p Measurements: The rehabilitation program was comprised four testing sessions. The Pre-test (PRT) section was conducted after two weeks of the injury and before the beginning of the rehabilitation program. after two rehabilitative weeks, the second week tracking test (SWT) was realized. while the Fourth week tracking test was realized after the fourth rehabilitative week (FWT). Moreover, after a resting of 6 weeks, the Post-test was conducted in the Faculty of Sports Education, Damietta University, Egypt. Additionally, all the injured athletes were right handed injured and in each testing test, the healthy arms measurements were recorded. Continuously, the test results for the injured arm had been compared with the healthy arm for each person. Before reporting the force measurement all the participants were informed with the test procedures for both arms. Four basics Isotonic force measurements were reported by Isometric Dynamometer device (Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer). These force measurements w ere conducted for muscles around shoulder girdle in the 90 Deg. vertically and horizontally. The force variables were flexion force (F.F), adduction force (AD.F), Abduction force (AB.F), and hyper extension force (HB.F). Whilst, the participants were asked to perform the maximum flexibility for the shoulder joint without feeling pain. Addition, the range of motion variables were obtained by Goniometer for flexion range of motion (F.ROM), abduction (AB.ROM), and hyper extension (HB.ROM). Results: The test results (i.e., strength and range of motion) shown that there were statistically significant differences between the injured and uninjured shoulder (p > 0.01) prior the rehabilitation procedure. After six weeks of physical rehabilitation, the test results shown considerable improvement of more than 50%. As obviously seen from table 1, the deference between the pre-testes and post- testes of force were, flexion force 4.41  ±4.01N vs 121.5 ±12.4 N, abduction force 2.94 ±2.74 N vs 103.1 ± 9.8 N, Adduction 3.84 ±0.34 vs 133.7 ±9.26,Hyper-Extension 20.01 ±7.64 N vs 69.1 ±8.92 N. On the other hand, the range of motion of pre-testes and post-test were, Flexion 23.8 ±4.02à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° vs 199.5 ±0.24à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °, Abduction was 29.3 ±3.62à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° vs 195.5 ±2.13à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °, Hyper-extension 30.8 ±5.81à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° vs. 108.5 ±5.72. Furthermore, the conducted post tests shown that there we re no significant differences (p Table 1. Improvement of the measurement among the rehabilitation stages. Improvment Healthy Shoulders Post-Test FWT SWT Pre- Test Unit Variables 94 % 128.2 ±10.4 121.5 ±12.44 91.04 ±8.13 48.7 ±4.31 4.41  ±4.01 N Flexion Force 93% 110.9 ±8.32 105.1 ±9.81 76.2 ±10.41 41.3 ±5.92 2.94 ±2.74 N Abduction 99% 135.2 ±5.33 133.7 ±9.26 97.12 ±7.22 21.7 ±2.17 3.84 ±0.34 N Adduction 95% 72.71 ±5.42 73.1 ±8.92 65.7 ±4.51 37.04 ±4.21 20.01 ±7.64 N H-Extension 99.1% 201.3 ±1.25 199.5 ±0.24 168 ±7.48 73.8 ±8.32 23.8 ±4.02 Deg Flexion ROM 98.3% 198.9 ±1.06 195.5 ±2.13 163 ±6.94 64.7 ±8.81 29.3 ±3.62 Deg Abduction 99.4% 108.5 ±5.72 107.8 ±6.12 100 ±2.2 52.2 ±13.2 30.8 ±5.81 Deg H-Extension Discussion: The current study aimed to design a rehabilitation program passed on the elastic and weights exercises. Over the past decades, we have seen a huge boost in the rehabilitation of shoulder dislocation injuries. These injuries because of the anatomical structure of the glenohumeral joint which allow to wide movement of the joint. Therefore, derives its extensive movement at the expense of its consistency and coherence. More than 50% of acute anterior dislocations can reoccur, especially in young athletes. The aim of the physical rehabilitation is avoiding the recurrent dislocation and using an elastic band and resistive exercise to improve joint strength in individuals diagnosed with a first-time shoulder dislocation. The current study results shown that, there were weakness of the shoulder muscles in the pre-test measurements of Flexion, adduction, abduction force as a result of ache, swelling, and inflammation. Nevertheless, the hyperextension motion measurements were reported better than the other measurement in the pretest. The mechanism of the anterior dislocation occurred forwardly and downward. Out of the ordinary, that has affected adversely on the forward movement of the arm. (Turkel, et al., 1981) The return to activity after 2-3 weeks is available for athletes with a high risk of recurrence dislocation. which expected to arthroscopic remain and return to activity after 6-month surgical stabilization (Watson, et al., 2016). Many factors have been related to rehabilitate shoulder dislocation. Thus, the current study has been assumed that 6 weeks elastic resistant with weight exercise had great benefit for the shoulder muscles especially, the rotator cuff muscles. Recently, the popularity of elastic bands has increased because of their low prices, flexibility, adaptability, versatility, and simplicity. (Andersen, et al., 2010) (Jakobsena, et al., 2013). The incorporation between nautilus machine and the elastic bands exercises have been used to promote joint range of motion and muscles strength in training and rehabilitation purposes as well. thus, the elastic resistant exercise has been improved the influences of the strength-shorting cycle. Addition to, it has been used as tec hnique to produce the speed eccentric contraction. (Stevenson, et al., 2010). It is obviously seen in table 1. and Figure 2, 3. there are a considerable significant different between the pretests and the posttests of the injured shoulders. Addition, it is seeming to be similar with the healthy shoulder after the 6wks. physical rehabilitation program. The same resulted reported in previous study conducted on young volley ball players and have improved their muscle power, muscle strength and ball speed. (Mascarin, et al., 2016). Nevertheless, the elastic resistant and free weight exercise improve the dynamic stabilization and joint stability. (Andersen, et al., 2010) (Camci, et al., 2013). Addition, the exercise rehabilitation program for the unstable shoulder must include a joint position sensibility and dynamic stabilization to supporting the functional stability of the shoulder joint. The dynamic stabilization is promoted the co-activation of the force couples about the glenohumeral joint to exceptional position of the humerus hear in the center of glenoid. ( Naughton, et al., 2005). Previous studies have demonstrated same levels of muscle activation for using elastic resistance compared with free weights display similar or even greater levels of muscle activity for some muscles during an exercise. (Camci, et al., 2013) (Andersen, et al., 2010). In contrast, used parallel with free weight (Aboodardaa, et al., 2013). Other studies have shown high levels of muscles activation compared with weight machine (Brandt, et al., 2013). But all the modalities recommended to use the elastic band with the weights. Moreover, using elastic band with weights appear to be equally in muscle activity as traditional using isoinertial resistance (Jakobsena, et al., 2013). Finally, The physical rehabilitation program proposed in this study was effective at improving strength and range of motion in the injured shoulder as evidenced by the similarity in posttest values between the injured and uninjured shoulder. These results are encouraging and suggest the phy sical rehabilitation program proposed in this study may help reduce the need for surgical intervention in healthy young males who experience a primary shoulder dislocation. Aboodardaa, S. J. et al., 2013. Resultant muscle torque and electromyographic activity during high intensity elastic resistance and free weight exercises. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(2), pp. 155-163. Andersen, L. et al., 2010. Muscle Activation and Perceived Loading During Rehabilitation Exercises: Comparison of Dumbbells and Elastic Resistance. Physical Therapy, 90(4), pp. 538-549. Andersen, L., Vinstrup, J., Jakobsen, M. Sundstru, E., 2016. Validity and reliability of elastic resistance bands for measuring shoulder muscle strength. Scand J Med Sci Sports., Volume May. Badr, M. Gaballah, A., 2015. Common Injuries among Male Field Hockey Players According to Playing Positions.. Journal of Applied Sports Science, 5(1), pp. 19-26. BiÇer, M. et al., 2015. Effect of Strength Training Program with Elastic Band on Strength Parameters. Biology of Exercise , 11(2), pp. 111-122. Brandt, M. et al., 2013. Perceived loading and muscle activity during hip strengthening exercises: comparison of elastic resistance and machine exercises.. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 8(6), pp. 811-819. Brooks, J., Fuller, C., Kemp, S. Reddin, . D., 2005. Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 2 training injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 39, pp. 767-775. Brukner, P., 2012. Clinical sports medicine. 4 ed. Australia: McGraw-Hill Publishing. Camci, E. et al., 2013. Scapular Kinematics During Shoulder Elevation Performed With and Without Elastic Resistance in Men Without Shoulder Pathologies. Journal of Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy , 43(10), pp. 735-743. Castagna, A., Nordenson, U., Garofalo, R. Karlsson, J., 2007. Minor shoulder instability. The Journal of Arthroscopic Related Surgery, Volume 23, pp. 211-215. Gibson, K. et al., 2004. The effectiveness of rehabilitation for nonoperative management of shoulder instability: a systematic review. Journal of Hand Therapy, 17(2), pp. 229-242. Handoll, H., Hanchard, N., Goodchild, L. Feary, J., 2006. Conservative management following closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 25(1), p. CD004962. Hardy, M., Summers, D., Edwards, J. Munro, N., 2010. The BMA guide to sports injuries, Dorling Kindersley Puplishing, UK, 2010.. London, UK: Dorling Kindersley Puplishing. Hovelius, L. et al., 2008. Nonoperative treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in patients forty years of age and younger. A prospective twenty-five-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg, Volume 90, pp. 945-952. Jakobsena, M. et al., 2013. Muscle activity during leg strengthening exercise using free weights and elastic resistance: Effects of ballistic vs controlled contractions. Human Movement Science , 32(1), pp. 65-78. Kaplan, L. et al., 2005. Prevalence and variance of shoulder injuries in elite collegiate football players. 2005;33:1142-6.. Am J Sports Med. , Volume 33, pp. 1142-1146. Karatsolis, K. Athanasopoulos, S., 2006. The role of exercise in the conservative treatment of the anterior shoulder dislocation. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Volume 10, pp. 211-219. Kelly, L. Terry, G., 2001. Team Handball: Shoulder Injuries, Rehabilitation, and Training. Sports Medicine Arthroscopy Review:, 9(2), pp. 115-123. Kim , S. et al., 2003. Accelerated rehabilitation after arthroscopic Bankart repair for selected cases: a prospective randomized clinical study.. Arthroscopy, 19(7), pp. 722-731. Leroux, T. et al., 2014. Epidemiology of Primary Anterior Shoulder Dislocation Requiring Closed Reduction in Ontario, Canada. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(2), pp. 442-450. Liavaag, S. et al., 2011. Immobilization in external rotation after primary shoulder dislocation did not reduce the risk of recurrence: a randomized controlled trial.. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 93(10), pp. 897904. Liu, A. et al., 2014. The external rotation immobilisation does not reduce recurrence rates or improve quality of life after primary anterior shoulder dislocation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. Injury, Int. J. Care Injured, Volume 45, pp. 1842-147. Malhotra, A., Freudmann, M. S. Hay, S. M., 2012. Management of traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation in the 17- to 25-year age group: a dramatic evolution of practice. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, Volume 21, pp. 545-553. Mascarin, N., De Lira, C., Vancini, R. Andrade, M., 2016. Strength Training Using Elastic Band Improves Muscle Power and Throwing Performance in Young Female Handball Players. Journal of sport rehabilitation, Volume 24, pp. 1-25.. Nagata, H., Thomas, W. Woods, D., 2016. The management of secondary frozen shoulder after anterior shoulder dislocation The results of manipulation under anaesthesia and injection. journal of orthopaedics, Volume 13, pp. 100-105. Naughton, J., Adams, R. Maher, C., 2005. Upper-body wobbleboard training effects on the post-dislocation shoulder. Physical Therapy in Sport, Volume 6, pp. 31-37. Owens, B. et al., 2009. Incidence of Glenohumeral Instability in Collegiate Athletics.. 37(9), pp. 1750-1754. Owens, B. et al., 2010. Pathoanatomy of First-Time, Traumatic, Anterior Glenohumeral Subluxation Events. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 92(7), pp. 1605-1611. Patel, D. R., Greydanus, D. E. Bak, R. J., 2010. Pediatric Practice Sports Medicine. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. Porcellini, G. et al., 2009. Predisposing Factors for Recurrent Shoulder Dislocation After Arthroscopic Treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 91(11), pp. 2537-2542. Provencher, M. T. et al., 2010. Recurrent Shoulder Instability: Current Concepts for Evaluation and Management of Glenoid Bone Loss. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 92(2), pp. 133-151. Rockwood, C. A., 2008. The Shoulder. 4 ed. s.l.:Elsevier, Health Science Publisher. Rolf, C., 2007. Sports Injuries Hand Book, Diagnosis and Management. London: A C Black Publishers. Rumian, A., Coffey, D., Fogerty, S. Hackney, R., 2011. Acute first-time shoulder dislocation. Orthopaedics and Trauma, 25(5), pp. 363-368. Salamh, P. A. Speer, K. P., 2013. Post-Rehabilitation Exercise Considerations Following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty. Strength Conditioning Journal, 35(4), pp. 56-63. Stevenson, M. et al., 2010. Acute Effects of Elastic Bands During the Free-weight Barbell Back Squat Exercise on Velocity, Power, and Force Production. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 24(11), pp. 2944-2954. Turkel, S., Panio, M., Marshall, J. Girgis, F., 1981. Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint.. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 63(8), pp. 1208-1217. UG, L. et al., 2014. Management of primary acute anterior shoulder dislocation: systematic review and quantitative synthesis of the literature.. Arthroscopy, 30(4), pp. 506-522. Yamamoto, N., Sano, H. Itoi, E., 2010. Conservative treatment of first-time shoulder dislocation with the arm in external rotation. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, Volume 19, pp. 98-103. Zacchilli, M. Owens , B., 2010. Epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to emergency departments in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am , Volume 92, p. 542-549. Anterior shoulder dislocation

Othello Essays -- essays research papers

â€Å"Othello†, by William Shakespeare, is a story of jealousy’s potential to manipulate thoughts and eventually lead to ultimate demise. The key to extremely detrimental jealousy lies within one’s ability to recognize it or deny it. It seems that the important theme of â€Å"Othello† is that if jealousy is not recognized and immediately dealt with, it receives a head start to commence the process of rotting away all normal human reason. Othello’s speech in Act III scene iii beginning with line 178 is the first and most important indicator of the trouble ominously looming on Othello’s horizon. His immediate response to Iago’s accusations is that of total denial. By depriving himself of that initial venting process, Othello gives his jealousy the perfect culture on which his jealousy can turn cancerous and grow out of control. Othello does not spit out the seed that Iago has planted within himself soon enough and thus lets Iago water i t with smooth speech until its roots spread and cannot be uprooted. The only way to appropriately illustrate this point is through an in depth analysis of specific text from the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Othello’s speech that begins on line 178 of act III Scene iii is absolutely central to the meaning of the scene as well as to the meaning of the entire play. Beginning with out right denial, Othello’s speech ends up working its way through all possible outcomes until he is left with only confusion and doubt regarding Desdimona’s fidelity. He goe...

A Futuristic Interview With Romeo of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet

A Futuristic Interview With Romeo SCENE I: Setting: On the set of ‘Time Voyager', a new television series. Characters: ANN - Announcer ROMEO - Romeo ANN: Ladies and Gentlemen, welcome again to this week's edition of Time Voyager. In case this is the first time you have tuned in and are unfamiliar with the concept, let me explain it to you. Modern technology today allows us to go back in time, as you probably know already. We do just that - go back and visit those times and places that had so much mystery, so much darkness, and so little knowledge. Our current model of time machine is the best that money can buy and has been completely tested for safety so we will not... as they say... leave someone ‘behind the times.' So sit back, relax, and watch as the past becomes the present. (Lights dim, machine hums, beam of light appears center stage. Through the beam, people are visible, walking seemingly unaware of the new presence.) ANN: The place is Verona, Italy, and the year is 1523. To be precise, the third of May. (Romeo cautiously peers into light beam. It seems he is the only one aware of it.) ANN: (To Romeo) Do not be afraid, come forward. (Beckons with hand) ROMEO: What is this? ANN: Sir, I apologize for this sudden interruption of your day. Perhaps you would like me to explain? ROMEO: (Steps onto stage out of light beam. Beam dies) What has happened to me? Have I died? Is this the other world? What do you want of me? ANN: No, you are not dead, rather transported to another time... ROMEO: You talk no sense! Your head must be full of bugs and insects! And, if you do not mind, what are those strange machines in the corner? (Points at video camera) ANN: Those are recorders - recording you as you are currently here speaking to us. They can put the images - moving images - so that we may view them later. Right now, they are sending the images through the air to millions of people... ROMEO: What year is this? You have many strange devices, for example, lights that have no candles behind them, screens that record my movements, and all these strange new materials, it is rather... mind-boggling... that is, if you are telling the truth... ANN: The year is 2174. Yes, I am telling the truth. We have machines that tell if you are telling the truth now. ROMEO: How do I know you are telling the truth about machines that tell if you tell the truth?

Food Retail in Europe

INDUSTRY PROFILE Food Retail in Europe Reference Code: 0201-2058 Publication Date: June 2010 www. datamonitor. com Datamonitor USA 245 Fifth Avenue 4th Floor New York, NY 10016 USA t: +1 212 686 7400 f: +1 212 686 2626 e: [email  protected] com Datamonitor Europe 119 Farringdon Road London EC1R 3DA United Kingdom t: +44 20 7551 9000 f: +44 20 7675 7500 e: [email  protected] com Datamonitor Middle East and North America Datamonitor PO Box 24893 Dubai, UAE t: +49 69 9754 4517 f: +49 69 9754 4900 e: [email  protected] datamonitor. om Datamonitor Asia Pacific Level 46, 2 Park Street Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia t: +61 2 8705 6900 f: +61 2 8705 6901 e: [email  protected] com Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Market value The European food retail industry grew by 8. 5% in 2009 to reach a value of $1,663. 1 billion. Market value foreca st In 2014, the European food retail industry is forecast to have a value of $2,477. billion, an increase of 49% since 2009. Market segmentation I Hypermarkets, supermarkets, and discounters sales proved the most lucrative for the European food retail industry in 2009, with total revenues of $798. 5 billion, equivalent to 48% of the industry's overall value. Market segmentation II Germany accounts for 14. 1% of the European food retail industry value. Market rivalry The industry is becoming consolidated with large chain supermarkets or hypermarkets wielding more power over smaller specialty, luxury or organic food outlets. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 2 CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MARKET OVERVIEW Market definition Research highlights Market analysis MARKET VALUE MARKET SEGMENTATION I MARKET SEGMENTATION II FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Summary Buyer power Supplier power New entrants Substitutes Rivalry LEADING COMPANIES Metro AG Carrefour S. A. Lidl Dienstleistung Tesco PLC MARKET FORECASTS Market value forecast APPENDIX Methodology Industry associations Related Datamonitor research Disclaimer 2 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 15 17 18 19 20 21 21 25 29 30 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 3 CONTENTS ABOUT DATAMONITOR Premium Reports Summary Reports Datamonitor consulting 38 38 38 38 Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 4 CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6: Table 7: Table 8: Table 9: Table 10: Table 11: Table 12: Table 13: Table 14: Table 15: Table 16: Table 17: Europe food retail industry value: $ billion, 2005–09(e) Europe food retail industry segmentation I:% share, by value, 2009(e) Europe food retail industry segmentation II: % share, by v alue, 2009(e) Metro AG: key facts Metro AG: key financials ($) Metro AG: key financials (â‚ ¬) Metro AG: key financial ratios Carrefour S. A. : key facts Carrefour S. A. : key financials ($) Carrefour S. A. : key financials (â‚ ¬) Carrefour S. A. : key financial ratios Lidl Dienstleistung: key facts Tesco PLC: key facts Tesco PLC: key financials ($) Tesco PLC: key financials (? ) Tesco PLC: key financial ratios Europe food retail industry value forecast: $ billion, 2009–14 10 11 12 21 22 22 23 25 27 27 27 29 30 31 31 32 34 Europe – Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 5 CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Europe food retail industry value: $ billion, 2005–09(e) Europe food retail industry segmentation I:% share, by value, 2009(e) Europe food retail industry segmentation II: % share, by value, 2009(e) Forces driving ompetition in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Drivers of buyer power in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Drivers of supp lier power in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Drivers of degree of rivalry in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Metro AG: revenues & profitability Metro AG: assets & liabilities Carrefour S. A. : revenues & profitability Carrefour S. A. : assets & liabilities Tesco PLC: revenues & profitability Tesco PLC: assets & liabilities Europe food retail industry value forecast: $ billion, 2009–14 10 11 12 13 15 17 18 19 20 23 24 28 28 32 33 34 Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 6 MARKET OVERVIEW MARKET OVERVIEW Market definition The food retail market includes the retail sales of all food products, both packaged and unpackaged, as well as beverages (including retail sales of all alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages). All on-trade sales of food and beverage are excluded. All currency conversions are calculated at constant average 2009 exchange rates. For the purposes of this report, Europe consists of Western Europe and Eastern Europe. Western Europe comprises Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Eastern Europe comprises the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 7 MARKET OVERVIEW Research highlights The European food retail industry had total revenue of $1,663. 1 billion in 2009, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7. 4% for the period spanning 2005-2009. Hypermarkets, supermarkets, and discounters sales proved the most lucrative for the European food retail industry in 2009, with total revenues of $798. 5 billion, equivalent to 48% of the industry's overall value. The performance of the industry is forecast to accelerate, with an anticipated CAGR of 8. % for the fiveyear period 2009-2014, which is expected to drive the industry to a value of $2,477. 4 billion by the end of 2014. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 8 MARKET OVERVIEW Market analysis The European food ret ail industry has experienced very strong growth in recent years and the forecast is for this to gently accelerate towards 2014. The European food retail industry had total revenue of $1,663. 1 billion in 2009, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7. 4% for the period spanning 2005-2009. In comparison, the German and UK industries grew with CAGRs of 2. 1% and 4. 2% respectively, over the same period, to reach respective values of $234. 8 billion and $186. 1 billion in 2009. Hypermarkets, supermarkets, and discounters sales proved the most lucrative for the European food retail industry in 2009, with total revenues of $798. 5 billion, equivalent to 48% of the industry's overall value. In comparison, convenience stores and gas stations generated sales of $381. 3 billion in 2009, equating to 22. 9% of the industry's aggregate revenues. The performance of the industry is forecast to accelerate, with an anticipated CAGR of 8. % for the fiveyear period 2009-2014, which is expected to drive the industry to a value of $2,477. 4 billion by the end of 2014. Comparatively, the German and UK industries will grow with CAGRs of 2. 5% and 3. 4% respectively, over the same period, to reach respective values of $265. 5 billion and $219. 4 billion in 2014. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 9 MARKET VALUE MARKET VALUE The European food retail industry grew by 8. 5% in 2009 to reach a value of $1,663. 1 billion. The compound annual growth rate of the industry in the period 2005–09 was 7. 4%. Table 1: Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009(e) CAGR: 2005–09 Source: Datamonitor Europe food retail industry value: $ billion, 2005–09(e) $ billion 1,248. 6 1,321. 6 1,412. 4 1,533. 3 1,663. 1 â‚ ¬ billion 897. 9 950. 4 1,015. 8 1,102. 7 1,196. 1 % Growth 5. 8 6. 9 8. 6 8. 5 7. 4% DATAMONITOR Figure 1: Europe food retail industry value: $ billion, 2005–09(e) Source: Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 10 MARKET SEGMENTATION I MARKET SEGMENTATION I Hypermarket, Supermarket, & Discounters is the largest segment of the food retail industry in Europe, accounting for 48% of the industry's total value. The convenience stores & gas stations segment accounts for a further 22. 9% of the industry. Table 2: Category Hypermarket, Supermarket, & Discounters Convenience Stores & Gas Stations Food and Drinks Specialists Drug Stores & Health and Beauty Stores Cash & Carries & Warehouse Clubs Other Total Source: Datamonitor Europe food retail industry segmentation I:% share, by value, 2009(e) % Share 48. 0% 22. 9% 14. 9% 3. 4% 1. 4% 9. 4% 100% DATAMONITOR Figure 2: Europe food retail industry segmentation I:% share, by value, 2009(e) Source: Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 11 MARKET SEGMENTATION II MARKET SEGMENTATION II Germany accounts for 14. 1% of the European food retail industry value. France accounts for a further 13. 5% of the European industry. Table 3: Category Germany France Italy United Kingdom Spain Rest of Europe Total Source: Datamonitor Europe food retail industry segmentation II: % share, by value, 2009(e) % Share 14. % 13. 5% 12. 2% 11. 2% 7. 8% 41. 1% 100% DATAMONITOR Figure 3: Europe food retail industry segmentation II: % share, by value, 2009(e) Source: Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 12 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS The food retail market will be analyzed taking supermarkets, hypermarkets and specialist retailers as players. The key buyers will be taken as end-consumers, and food manufacturers, farmers, agricultural co-operatives as the key suppliers. Summary Figure 4: Forces driving competition in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source: Datamonitor DATAMONITOR The industry is becoming consolidated with large chain supermarkets or hypermarkets wielding more power over smaller specialty, luxury or organic food outlets. In our analysis of the global food retail industry, retailers such as supermarkets, hypermarkets, and specialist outlets, will be taken as industry players and end-consumers will be understood as buyers. With a range of different players within the industry, the size and financial strength of each varies accordingly. With consumers generally facing no substantial switching costs, this buyer mobility forces larger retailers to maintain attractive pricing schemes. Specialist, luxury, or organic retailers do not face the same price sensitivity due to the unique level of product differentiation, yet due to the nature of such products, they exist more as niche markets and are not able to secure a large volume of consumers. Specialist outlets may have no choice but to commit to long term supplier contracts in order to secure a steady supply of quality or specially prepared products. Whereas, supermarkets and hypermarkets have a higher number of options and can hold looser relationships with a larger number of suppliers. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 13 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Where branded products attract loyal consumers, the distribution channel for manufacturers is protected and retailers face pressure to stock the popular items. With established supermarkets and hypermarkets present, potential new entrants may struggle to compete with aggressive marketing and pricing policies. Nonetheless, relatively low entry and exit costs within the industry and the emergence of thriving health and ethical niches offer examples of possible niches in which new entrants may flourish sheltered from direct competition with current players. Food service (takeaways, vendors and restaurants) can be seen as a substitute to food retail products however for the vast majority of people it currently exists as an occasional accompaniment rather than a wholesale alternative. Subsistence farming is a more direct substitute, sometimes replacing standard retail behavior outright, yet it is no longer common. The absence of switching costs for consumers ensures a competitive climate within the food retail industry. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 14 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Buyer power Figure 5: Drivers of buyer power in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source: Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Retailers range widely in size with large chain supermarkets or hypermarkets such as Tesco and Metro AG wielding power over smaller specialty, luxury or organic food outlets whose grip on the industry is significant but currently limited. Accordingly, the financial muscle of industry players differs depending on the type of player. The sheer volume of potential customers in key areas of the food retail industry diminishes the standing of any individual customer. The revenue generated by any particular consumer is minimal, but collectively they represent wider consumer interests and retailers cannot afford to disregard the sensitivities of buyers. Price and convenience are two central concerns however they are not necessarily the principle factors. A rise in health consciousness has driven a growing demand for nutritional quality in food products. The culture of convenience now faces the challenge of a counter-trend in which a shift back towards fresh, simple or traditionally prepared foods undermines the retail position of frozen foods and similar products. The emergence and development of ethical niches adds further momentum to this movement within the industry. The response of food retailers must accommodate such diverse interests. A number of retailers operate incentive schemes for frequent shoppers and this can help secure customer retention. By discouraging movement across retail outlets, consumer mobility is reduced and, in the long term, buyer power can be weakened. Although high brand recognition does not automatically translate into consumer loyalty, if it is supported by a product range in which popular food products are central, the retailer can Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 15 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS often draw indirectly on the loyalty base that manufacturers have established. Specialty, luxury or organic retailers can, due to the high level of product differentiation, justify price levels that would otherwise be unsustainable yet the limited volume of consumers places restraints on the power of such players. Buyer power overall is moderate. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 16 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Supplier power Figure 6: Drivers of supplier power in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source: Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Suppliers to the food retail industry include food manufacturers, farmers, and agricultural co-operatives. In order to ensure stability and offset the dangers of local sourcing problems or price fluctuations, large retail companies often maintain relationships with a wide range of suppliers. This diffuses dependency, minimizing the risks to retailers and strengthening their standing in relation to their suppliers. Long term contractual obligations are avoided where possible, and switching costs kept to a minimum. With a firm hold on key distribution channels, the leading retailers can dominate negotiations with certain suppliers. This is often difficult for smaller retailers such as specialist, luxury or organic outlets. The limited number of suppliers in niche areas and the centrality of product quality or preparation type limit’s the available range of sourcing options. With switching costs subsequently higher, the balance of power shifts somewhat from smaller retailers to specialist suppliers. Whilst the need to satisfy consumer demand for popular products bolsters manufacturers, many others face the problem of a high degree of retailer mobility as they switch suppliers in accordance with pricing pressures. The position of many large retail companies has also been strengthened internally with a surge of own brand products sidelining certain suppliers. Suppliers who are able to differentiate their product can wield some power over retailers, should their product be popular with the end consumer. Supplier power overall is moderate. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 17 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS New entrants Figure 7: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source: Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Large-scale, established retailers hold a natural advantage in operating businesses that benefit significantly from economies of scale, employing aggressive pricing schemes that cannot be matched by smaller retailers. Strong branding exercises and fast paced expansion deepen this asymmetry. Nevertheless, large retailers are not invulnerable to the threat of new entrants. Exit and entry costs within the industry are relatively low, encouraging potential entrants. The rapid growth of health consciousness and a swell of ethical goods form attractive avenues for new entrants seeking to move into a niche area that offers inbuilt protection from pricing pressures and mainstream marketing. Given the presence of many large-scale retailers, and the security of heavy branding, direct head-to-head competition is extremely difficult for new retailers. Strong growth makes the market attractive to prospective new entrants. Overall, the threat of new entrants is moderate. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 18 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Substitutes Figure 8: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source: Datamonitor DATAMONITOR The chief alternative to food retail is food service. Supported by strong marketing campaigns in the case of fast food companies, and cultural traditions with respect to sit-down restaurants, both types represent a relevant alternative for many consumers. However, for the vast majority of people, these accompany food retail rather than replace it. A more direct substitute is found in subsistence agriculture in which individuals or families farm food to provide for their own personal needs. This is no longer common, however, since the emergence of market capitalism and the impact of this substitute on food retail is fractional. Environmental concerns, increasing health consciousness, and fears over political or economic instability may, in the long term, give this substitute a more significant role. However, it is unlikely to threaten food retailers in the foreseeable future being both labor intensive and often involving considerable start-up capital. The threat from substitutes is weak to moderate. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 19 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Rivalry Figure 9: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source: Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Competition is often fierce within the food retail industry. The lack of substantial switching costs for consumers places pressure on retailers to secure their custom and loyalty. The limited level of differentiation across the basic product range pushes larger retailers into competitive pricing policies. The close similarity of players increases rivalry as they attempt to differentiate themselves through products and price to attract customers. Whilst some companies operate in other industries and can absorb the temporary impact of declining food sales, or high supply prices, for many, ood retail lies at the heart of the business. This basic dependency gives rise to aggressive competition. Rivalry is strong overall. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 20 LEADING COMPANIES LEADING COMPANIES Metro AG Table 4: Metro AG: key facts Schluterstrasse 1, 40235 Dusseldorf, DEU 49 211 6886 4252 49 211 6886 2001 www. metrogroup. de December MEO G Frankfurt DATAMONITOR Head office: Telephone: Fax: Website: Financial year-end: Ticker: Stock exchange: Source: company website Metro Group (Metro) is a German trade and retail company organized into independent sales divisions. The group operates 2,195 outlets with approximately 12,350,000 square meters of selling space. It has a presence in 33 countries in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa. The company employs around 300,000 people. Metro operates in four business segments: Metro Cash & Carry, Real, Media Markt and Saturn and Galeria Kaufhof. Metro Cash & Carry is engaged in cash and carry wholesaling. Operating under the brands of Metro and Makro, it is the group's biggest sales division. Metro Cash & Carry's assortment of products is aimed at commercial and wholesale customers. It operates 665 stores in 30 countries. Real offers a range of food products and an assortment of non-food items. The selling space of the Real stores ranges from 5,000 to 15,000 square meters, with store assortments including up to 80,000 items. Real is based on a large-format hypermarket concept and operates 333 hypermarkets in Germany and 108 stores in Poland, Romania, Russia, Turkey and the Ukraine. Media Markt and Saturn sell consumer electronics across Europe. Galeria Kaufhof operates a chain of department stores in Germany and Belgium. The department stores offer modern lifestyle apparels for men and women and are present in shopping areas and downtown centers. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 21 LEADING COMPANIES In addition to these divisions, Metro provides real estate management services through its subsidiary, Metro Group Asset Management. The company oversees more than 750 properties totaling eight million square meters of commercial space worldwide. It also operates more than 70 shopping centers. Key Metrics The company recorded revenues of $91,119 million in the fiscal year ending December 2009, a decrease of 3. 6% compared to fiscal 2008. Its net income was $722 million in fiscal 2009, compared to a net income of $776 million in the preceding year. Table 5: $ million Metro AG: key financials ($) 2005 77,482. 1 902. 4 40,000. 8 32,613. 0 246,875 2006 83,266. 6 1,658. 9 44,702. 2 36,293. 7 263,794 2007 89,461. 3 1,366. 9 47,099. 4 38,048. 6 275,520 2008 94,493. 6 775. 9 47,034. 0 38,941. 3 290,940 2009 91,118. 8 721. 7 46,814. 3 46,814. 286,091 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Employees Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Table 6: â‚ ¬ million Metro AG: key financials (â‚ ¬) 2005 55,722. 0 649. 0 28,767. 0 23,454. 0 2006 59,882. 0 1,193. 0 32,148. 0 26,101. 0 2007 64,337. 0 983. 0 33,872. 0 27,363. 0 2008 67,956. 0 558. 0 33,825. 0 28,005. 0 2009 65,529. 0 519. 0 33,667. 0 33,667. 0 Revenues Net in come (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 22 LEADING COMPANIES Table 7: Ratio Metro AG: key financial ratios 2005 1. 2% 4. 2% 1. 5% (0. 2%) 81. 5% 2. 3% $313,851 $3,655 2006 2. 0% 7. 5% 11. 8% 11. 3% 81. 2% 3. 9% $315,650 $6,289 2007 1. 5% 7. 4% 5. 4% 4. 8% 80. 8% 3. 0% $324,700 $4,961 2008 0. 8% 5. 6% (0. 1%) 2. 3% 82. 8% 1. 6% $324,787 $2,667 2009 0. 8% (3. 6%) (0. 5%) 20. 2% 100. 0% 1. 5% $318,496 $2,523 Profit margin Revenue growth Asset growth Liabilities growth Debt/asset ratio Return on assets Revenue per employee Profit per employee Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Figure 10: Metro AG: revenues & profitability Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 23 LEADING COMPANIES Figure 11: Metro AG: assets & liabilities Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 24 LEADING COMPANIES Carrefour S. A. Table 8: Carrefour S. A. : key facts 26 quai Michele, TSA 20016, 92695 Levallois-Perret Cedex, FRA 33 1 55 63 39 00 www. carrefour. com December CA Paris DATAMONITOR Head office: Telephone: Website: Financial year-end: Ticker: Stock exchange: Source: company website Carrefour is one of the leading grocery and consumer goods distribution groups in the world. The group operates more than 15,000 stores. Carrefour's primary grocery formats includes hypermarkets, supermarkets, hard discount and convenience stores. Carrefour primarily organizes its business segments based on geographic presence: France; Europe excluding France; Asia; and Latin America. In addition, the group's business operation can be segmented on the basis of its store formats (as mentioned in the previous paragraph). Carrefour is the leading hypermarket retailer in the world. The group operates about 1,302 hypermarket stores across the world, of which 228 hypermarkets are in France, 494 in European countries outside France, 288 in Latin America, and 292 in Asia. In Brazil, the group operates its hypermarket business under the Atacadao brand name; these hypermarkets offer a range of competitively priced companyowned and branded products in both food and non-food categories. In addition, the hypermarkets also offer services like insurance, financial services, home computer support, travel and entertainment reservations and mobile phones. The group operates approximately 2,919 supermarket stores in 11 countries under the banners Carrefour Express, Carrefour market, GB, GS and Champion. The supermarkets offer a wide selection of mostly food products and some non-food products related to apparel, culture and leisure, and tableware. Carrefour's hard discount segment, Dia, operates about 6,252 hard discount stores in Spain, France (under Ed and Dia brands), Portugal (under Minipreco brand), Greece, Turkey, Argentina, Brazil and China. The group's hard discount stores offer a range of food, basic health, and cleaning products at discounted rates. Europe – Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 25 LEADING COMPANIES The group's other activities comprise convenience stores, cash and carry foodservice stores, and ecommerce retail format. Carrefour operates about 4,813 convenience stores and 144 cash and carry stores. Convenience stor es are mainly operated by the franchisees under the banners Marche Plus, Shopi, 8 a Huit and Proxi in France; DiperDi in Italy; Carrefour Express and Carrefour GB in Belgium; Carrefour 5 Minut stores in Poland; Carrefour City stores in Spain; and Carrefour Convenient Buy in Thailand. These stores primarily offer a wide selection of food products; these also offer a range of services such as home delivery, dry cleaning, 48-hour photo development, ticket distribution, photocopying, stamps and newspapers. Cash and carry foodservice stores provide wholesale and retail self-service mainly intended for businesses. Carrefour operates cash and carry foodservice stores under the trade name Promocash. Most of the cash and carry stores are operated by franchisees. In addition to the above mentioned store formats, Carrefour also sells its products through various ecommerce websites. Carrefour operates an online grocery store, Ooshop, a leading French online supermarket in terms of sales. It allows customers to shop on the Internet, and select from product listings including fresh and frozen items, at the same price as they would pay in Carrefour's hypermarkets, with the added benefit of home delivery. Carrefour France hypermarket's non-food website, CarrefourOnline. com, offers products such as leisure products (DVDs, games, software, music, books and more), audio and video, household electrical goods, as well as music downloads and even flower and bicycle delivery. Carrefour. es, the group's e-commerce website in Spain, offers both food and non-food products. Key Metrics The company recorded revenues of $119,533 million in the fiscal year ending December 2009, a decrease of 2. 6% compared to fiscal 2008. Its net income was $608 million in fiscal 2009, compared to a net income of $2,140 million in the preceding year. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 26 LEADING COMPANIES Table 9: $ million Carrefour S. A. : key financials ($) 2005 116,399. 7 2,199. 8 64,311. 1 51,259. 436,474 2006 121,561. 3 3,381. 2 66,093. 8 48,356. 4 456,295 2007 128,305. 2 3,447. 4 72,212. 0 57,385. 0 490,042 2008 122,678. 1 2,139. 7 72,420. 6 57,191. 7 495,000 2009 119,532. 5 607. 7 71,685. 0 56,229. 5 495,000 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Employees Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Table 10: â‚ ¬ million Carrefour S. A. : key fi nancials (â‚ ¬) 2005 83,710. 0 1,582. 0 46,250. 0 36,864. 0 2006 87,422. 0 2,431. 6 47,532. 0 34,776. 0 2007 92,272. 0 2,479. 2 51,932. 0 41,269. 0 2008 88,225. 2 1,538. 8 52,082. 0 41,130. 0 2009 85,963. 0 437. 0 51,553. 0 40,438. 0 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Table 11: Ratio Carrefour S. A. : key financial ratios 2005 1. 9% 2. 8% 9. 4% 7. 5% 79. 7% 3. 6% $266,682 $5,040 2006 2. 8% 4. 4% 2. 8% (5. 7%) 73. 2% 5. 2% $266,409 $7,410 2007 2. 7% 5. 5% 9. 3% 18. 7% 79. 5% 5. 0% $261,825 $7,035 2008 1. 7% (4. 4%) 0. 3% (0. 3%) 79. 0% 3. 0% $247,835 $4,323 2009 0. 5% (2. 6%) (1. 0%) (1. 7%) 78. 4% 0. 8% $241,480 $1,228 Profit margin Revenue growth Asset growth Liabilities growth Debt/asset ratio Return on assets Revenue per employee Profit per employee Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 27 LEADING COMPANIES Figure 12: Carrefour S. A. : revenues & profitability Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Figure 13: Carrefour S. A. : assets & liabilities Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 28 LEADING COMPANIES Lidl Dienstleistung Table 12: Lidl Dienstleistung: key facts Rotelstrasse 30, 74166 Neckarsulm, DEU 49 732 30 6060 www. idl. de December DATAMONITOR Head office: Telephone: Website: Financial year-end: Source: company website Lidl & Schwarz Stiftung (Lidl) operates a chain of grocery stores. The company primarily operates in Europe. Lidl operates about 6,800 deep-discount department stores and no-frills Lidl supermarkets throughout Europe. In Germany it operates about 3,100 stores. The company offers about 800 different products in its stores mostly under Lidl's own brand. These include dairy products, frozen foods, sausages, fresh meat and poultry, fruit and veg delivered fresh every day, and a range of breads. Lidl is also expanding its presence into Denmark, Hungary, Norway, and Slovenia. Key Metrics Financial information for this company is unavailable. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 29 LEADING COMPANIES Tesco PLC Table 13: Head office: Telephone: Website: Financial year-end: Ticker: Stock exchange: Source: company website Tesco PLC: key facts New Tesco House, Delamare Road, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, EN8 9SL, GBR 44 1992 632 222 www. tescoplc. com February TSCO London DATAMONITOR Tesco is a leading food and grocery retailer. The company operates 4,331 stores in 14 countries worldwide. It operates in the UK, other European countries, the US and Asia. The company operates in a single segment: retail. However, Tesco's operations can be examined by the store formats operated by it: Express, Metro, Superstore, Extra and Homeplus. The company has over 960 Express stores (up to 3,000 sq ft) offering fresh food at convenient locations. These stores sell a range of up to 7,000 products including fresh produce, wines and spirits and bakery products. The company has over 170 Metro stores (approximately 7,000-15,000 sq ft) in town and city centre locations. It offers a tailored range of food products including ready-meals and sandwiches. Tesco operates about 450 superstores (approximately 20,000-50,000 sq ft) at which it offers food as well non-food products such as DVDs and books. Tesco's Homeplus stores (approx. 35,000-50,000 sq ft) are dedicated to non-food including clothing. Tesco has more than 175 Extra stores (approximately 60,000 sq ft and above) which offer a variety of food and non-food product lines ranging from electrical equipment to homewares, clothing, health and beauty, and seasonal items such as garden furniture. Additionally, about 115 Extra and Homeplus stores have opticians and around 270 of them have pharmacies. In addition to stores, Tesco offers retailing services through its online shopping channels, tesco. com and Tesco Direct. The company also provides broadband internet connections (Tesco broadband) and telecommunications services (Tesco Mobile and Home Phone) through a 50-50 joint venture with O2, a mobile phone company. Tesco also provides financial services through Tesco Personal Finance (TPF) which offers a choice of 28 products ranging from savings accounts and credit cards to car and travel insurance. All its financial products are also available for online purchase. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 30 LEADING COMPANIES Key Metrics The company recorded revenues of $84,676 million in the fiscal year ending February 2009, an increase of 14. 9% compared to fiscal 2008. Its net income was $3,376 million in fiscal 2009, compared to a net income of $3,320 million in the preceding year. Table 14: $ million Tesco PLC: key financials ($) 2005 57,602. 2 3,042. 4 31,811. 6 17,695. 242,980 2006 67,234. 5 3,553. 7 35,167. 3 20,447. 6 273,024 2007 66,461. 4 2,959. 8 38,664. 9 22,188. 6 318,283 2008 73,720. 0 3,319. 9 47,014. 4 28,463. 7 345,737 2009 84,675. 6 3,376. 0 71,779. 5 52,460. 3 364,015 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Employees Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Table 15: ? million Tesco PLC: key financials (? ) 2005 36,957. 0 1,952. 0 20,410. 0 11,353. 0 2006 43,137. 0 2,280. 0 22,563. 0 13,119. 0 2007 42,641. 0 1,899. 0 24,807. 0 14,236. 0 2008 47,298. 0 2,130. 0 30,164. 0 18,262. 0 2009 54,327. 0 2,166. 46,053. 0 33,658. 0 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 31 LEADING COMPANIES Table 16: Ratio Tesco PLC: key financial ratios 2005 5. 3% 10. 1% 10. 9% 6. 4% 55. 6% 10. 1% $237,066 $12,521 2006 5. 3% 16. 7% 10. 5% 15. 6% 58. 1% 10. 6% $246,259 $13,016 2007 4. 5% (1. 1%) 9. 9% 8. 5% 57. 4% 8. 0% $208,812 $9,299 2008 4. 5% 10. 9% 21. 6% 28. 3% 60. 5% 7. 7% $213,226 $9,602 2009 4. % 14. 9% 52. 7% 84. 3% 73. 1% 5. 7% $232,616 $9,274 Profit margin Revenue growth Asset growth Liabilities growth Debt/asset ratio Return on assets Revenue per employee Profit per employee Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Figure 14: Tesco PLC: re venues & profitability Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 32 LEADING COMPANIES Figure 15: Tesco PLC: assets & liabilities Source: company filings DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 33 MARKET FORECASTS MARKET FORECASTS Market value forecast In 2014, the European food retail industry is forecast to have a value of $2,477. 4 billion, an increase of 49% since 2009. The compound annual growth rate of the industry in the period 2009–14 is predicted to be 8. 3%. Table 17: Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 CAGR: 2009–14 Source: Datamonitor Europe food retail industry value forecast: $ billion, 2009–14 $ billion 1,663. 1 1,811. 4 1,978. 0 2,161. 3 2,359. 7 2,477. â‚ ¬ billion 1,196. 1 1,302. 7 1,422. 5 1,554. 3 1,697. 0 1,781. 6 % Growth 8. 5% 8. 9% 9. 2% 9. 3% 9. 2% 5. 0% 8. 3% DATAMONITOR Figure 16: Europe food retail industry value forecast: $ billion, 2009–14 Source: Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Pag e 34 APPENDIX APPENDIX Methodology Datamonitor Industry Profiles draw on extensive primary and secondary research, all aggregated, analyzed, cross-checked and presented in a consistent and accessible style. Review of in-house databases – Created using 250,000+ industry interviews and consumer surveys and supported by analysis from industry experts using highly complex modeling & forecasting tools, Datamonitor’s in-house databases provide the foundation for all related industry profiles Preparatory research – We also maintain extensive in-house databases of news, analyst commentary, company profiles and macroeconomic & demographic information, which enable our researchers to build an accurate market overview Definitions – Market definitions are standardized to allow comparison from country to country. The parameters of each definition are carefully reviewed at the start of the research process to ensure they match the requirements of both the market and our clients Extensive secondary research activities ensure we are always fully up-to-date with the latest industry events and trends Datamonitor aggregates and analyzes a number of secondary information sources, including: National/Governmental statistics International data (official international sources) National and International trade associations Broker and analyst reports Company Annual Reports Business information libraries and databases Modeling & forecasting tools – Datamonitor has developed powerful tools that allow quantitative and qualitative data to be combined with related macroeconomic and demographic drivers to create market models and forecasts, which can then be refined according to specific competitive, regulatory and demand-related factors Continuous quality control ensures that our processes and profiles remain focused, accurate and up-to-date Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 35 APPENDIX Industry associations Global Food Marketing Institute 655 15th Street, NW, Washington DC, 20005 Tel. : 001 202 452 8444 Fax: 001 202 429 4519 www. fmi. org/ CIES — The Food Business Forum 7, rue de Madrid 75008 Paris FRANCE Tel. : 0033 1 4469 8484 Fax: 0033 1 4469 9939 www. ciesnet. com EuroCommerce Avenue des Nerviens 9-31, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel. : 0032 2 737 0598 Fax: 0032 2 230 0078 www. eurocommerce. be Related Datamonitor research Industry Profile Food Retail in Western Europe Food Retail in Asia-Pacific Food Retail in the US Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 36 APPENDIX Disclaimer All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, Datamonitor plc. The facts of this report are believed to be correct at the time of publication but cannot be guaranteed. Please note that the findings, conclusions and recommendations that Datamonitor delivers will be based on information gathered in good faith from both primary and secondary sources, whose accuracy we are not always in a position to guarantee. As such Datamonitor can accept no liability whatever for actions taken based on any information that may subsequently prove to be incorrect. Europe – Food Retail  © Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 – 2058 – 2009 Page 37 ABOUT DATAMONITOR ABOUT DATAMONITOR The Datamonitor Group is a world-leading provider of premium global business information, delivering independent data, analysis and opinion across the Automotive, Consumer Markets, Energy & Utilities, Financial Services, Logistics & Express, Pharmaceutical & Healthcare, Retail, Technology and Telecoms industries. Combining our industry knowledge and experience, we assist over 6,000 of the world’s leading companies in making better strategic and operational decisions. Delivered online via our user-friendly web platforms, our market intelligence products and services ensure that you will achieve your desired commercial goals by giving you the insight you need to best respond to your competitive environment. Premium Reports Datamonitor's premium reports are based on primary research with industry panels and consumers. 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